Enzyme Engineering

Presently, intensive and global attention is being devoted to "biotechnology"--the technology utilizing marvelous capacities of living things for human welfare. Each country is strongly promo­ ting its development. In particular, enzyme engineering, whose pur­ pose is to utilize efficiently enzymes, microorganisms, and cultured plant as well as animal cells as organic catalysts, is one of the main themes in the field of biotechnology. Under these circumstances, the Sixth Enzyme Engineering Confe­ rence was held at Kashikojima, Mie Prefecture, Japan from September 20 to 25, 1981, under the joint auspices of the Engineering Foun­ dation of New York and the Japanese Society of Enzyme Engineering. This series of international conferences has been held biannually since 1971. The first three and the fifth conferences were held in the United States and the fourth one was in the Federal Republic of Germany. This sixth conference was the first to be held in Asia; and it was significant that a number of participant£ could visit Japany, which has produced successful achievements in the field of biotechnology.

Conference History.- The First Ten Years.- Keynote Paper.- Recent Studies on Antibiotics and Low Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors.- Session I. Large Scale Production and Purification of Biomolecules.- Integration of Large Scale Production and Purification of Biomolecules.- Role of Active Transport of Inducer in Enzyme Biosynthesis and Process Scale-Up.- Multi Enzyme Systems in Membrane Reactors.- Scale-Up of Protein Purification by Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- Rapid and Large-Scale Purification of Angiotensin-I Forming Enzymes and Milk Clotting Enzymes by Affinity Chromatography.- Separation and Purification of Enzymes Via Continuous Parametric Pumping.- Session II. Applications of Biocatalysts for New Reactions and Organic Synthesis.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Penicillins and Cephalosporins by Penicillin Acylase.- Enzymatic Acyl Transfer in Penicillin and Cephalosporin Chemistry.- Enzymatic Processes for the Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids.- Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An Illustrative Example of the Potential of Enzymes in Organic Synthesis.- Immobilized Enzymes and Synzymes: Applications in Organic Synthesis.- Immobilization of Living Microbial Cells and Transformation of Steroids.- Steroid Bioconversion by Immobilized Cells.- Steroid ?1-Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Corynebacterium Species Choi 73 T 191.- Use of Immobilized Enzyme Requiring Cofactor Regeneration and of Immobilized Mycelium, for Steroid Modification.- Hydroxylation of Steroids by Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfur and Selenium Amino Acids.- Production of Alkaloids with Immobilized Cells of Catharanthus Roseus.- Propyleneoxide Production by Immobilized Nocardia Corallina B-276.- Air-Oxidation of Linoleic Acid by Lipoxygenase-Containing Particles Suspended in Water-insoluble Organic Solvent.- Progress Toward Artificial Photosynthesis.- Light-Sensitization of a Microbial Protease.- Enzymatic Photosensitive Materials.- Ester Exchange of Triglyceride by Entrapped Lipase in Organic Solvent.- Solvent Production by Clostridium Acetobutylicum in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems.- Enzyme Kinetics and Mass-Transfer on Two Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Systems.- Physico-chemical Means of Increasing the Yield of End Products in Biocatalysis.- Heat-Stable L-Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Application to an Enzyme Reactor.- Multienzymes and Cofactors Immobilized within Lipid-Polyamide Membrane Microcapsules for Sequential Substrate Conversion.- Tyrosine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-Alanine Synthesis by Citrobacter Freundii.- Enzyme Catalysts for the Stereo and Regio Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Organic Substrates.- Session III. New Immobilization Techniques of Biomaterials and their Applications.- High-Rate, Continuous Waste Processor for the Production of High BTU Gas Using Immobilized Microbes.- New Developments in the Preparation and Characterization of Polymerbound Biocatalysts.- Bioconversion of Lipophilic or Water Insoluble Compounds by Immobilized Biocatalysts in Organic Solvent Systems.- Multiple Carrier Regeneration and Enzyme Immobilization In Situ.- Viability and Biosynthetic Capacity of Immobilized Plant Cells.- Immobilized Enzymes of Heterogenous Structure.- Fibrous Support for Immobilization of Enzymes.- High Temperature Cell-Trapped Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Immobilized Modifiers for Proteins (IMPs).- Enzyme Immobilization in Porous Supports.- Immobilization of Microbial Cells Using Gelatin and Glutaraldehyde.- Immobilization of ?-Galactosidase from E. Coli CSH36 and Its Microbial Cells Using Cellulose Beads.- Hydrophobic Immobilization of Enzymes and Polynucleotides on Trityl Agarose.- Influence of the Activation Degree of the Support on the Properties of Agarose-Nuclease.- Immobilization of Biofunctional Components by Radiation Polymerization and Applications.- Immobilization of Whole Cell Glucose Isomerase within Soybean Protein.- Enzyme Stabilization in High Macromolecular Concentration Environments.- Intrinsic Stability of Thermophilic Enzymes: 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase from Bacillus Stearothermophilus and Yeast.- Stabilization of Penicillin Amidohydrolase Immobilized on Eupergit C.- Stabilization of Fumarase Activity of Brevibacterium Flavum Cells by Immobilization with k Carrageenan and Polyethyleneimine.- Application of Polyethylene Glycol-Bound NAD Derivative and Thermostable Dehydrogenase in a Model Enzyme Reactor.- Use of the Porous Mineral Spherosil as a Carrier for Enzymes: Fixation and Purification.- Session IV. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials.- Potential Application of Immobilized Viable Cells in the Food Industry: Malolactic Fermentation of Wine.- Production of L-Tryptophan with Immobilized Cells.- Applications of Immobilized Tannin for Protein and Metal Adsorption.- Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials in China.- Production of L-Alanine from Ammonium Fumarate Using Two Types of Immobilized Microbial Cells.- New Process for Production of High Fructose Corn Syrup Using Combined Adsorption and an Enzyme Reactor.- Immobilized Multienzyme Systems for Starch Processing.- Glucoamylase Covalently Coupled to Porous Glass.- Rotary Multidisc Reactor of Collagen Supported Immobilized Glucoamylase.- Kinetics for the Hydrolysis of Soluble Starch by Glucoamylase and Application to an Immobilized Enzyme System.- Reduced Thermostability of Modified Mucor Miehei Rennet.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Milk Curdling..- Production of 7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic Acid by Immobilized E. coli Cells.- Technical Applications of Lactase and Aminoacid Acylase Iiranobilized to Form Plexazym.- Continuous Hydrolysis of Lactose in Skim Milk and Acid Whey by Immobilized Lactase of Aspergillus Oryzae.- Lactic Acid Fermentation with Immobilized Lactobacillus Sp.- Production of 1-Malic Acid with Immobilized Thermophilic Bacteriumr Thermus Rubens Nov. sp.- Continuous Hydrolysis of Concentrated Sucrose Solutions by Immobilized Invertase.- A Series of Covalently Bonded Enzymes and Their Applications.- The Application of Fluidized Beds for Improved Enzyme Reactor Performance.- Control of Continuous Coenzyme Regeneration.- A New Approach to Membrane Reactor Design and Operation.- Influence of Compaction in Gel-Immobilized Enzyme Packed Bed Reactors.- Session V. Biomass Conversion with Energy Production.- Enzymatic Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Industrial Aqueous Effluents.- Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose: Effects of Structural Properties of Cellulose on Hydrolysis Kinetics.- Continuous Ethanol Fermentation by Immobilized Biocatalysts.- An Immobilized Yeast Cell Column for the Fermentation of Molasses.- Pilot Operation for Continuous Alcohol Fermentation of Molasses in an Immobilized Bioreactor.- Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- ATP Regeneration by Enzymes of Alcohol Fermentation and Kinases of Yeast and Its Computer Simulation.- Extracellular Cellulases Produced by a Yeast-Like Fungus.- Relationship Between Extracellular Proteases and the Cellulase Complex of Trichoderma Reesei.- Session VI. Analytical Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials.- Binding Assays Involving Separation in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA).- Use of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors in Automated Clinical Analyses.- Immobilized Enzymes in Analysis: Applications and Economic Aspects.- Microbial Sensors for Gas Analysis.- Analytical Uses of Immobilized Enzymes.- Cost Analysis and Viability of Immobilized Enzymes in Routine Analysis.- Multipurpose Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Electrodes.- Long-Term Stability of Air-Dried Enzyme Electrodes with Selective Enzymic Collagen Membranes.- Enzyme Electrodes Based on Insolubilized Enzyme Membranes Coupled with an Electrochemical Transducer.- Potentiometrie Glucose Sensor: Enzymatic Activity and Potentiometrie Measurements.- Microbial Sensor for Preliminary Screening of Mutagens.- Application of Microbial Electrode to Analysis of Waste Water.- Biosensors Based on Enzyme Amplification and Immunochemical Selectivity.- Application of Chemiluminescence of Cypridina Luciferin Analog to Immobilized Enzyme Sensors.- Use of Hydrogen Sensitive Pd-MOS Components in Biochemical Analysis.- Computer Controlled Mass Spectrometer Monitoring of Fermentations.- Session VII. Medical Applications of Enzyme Technology.- Immobilized Heparinase: Production, Purification, and Application in Extracorporeal Therapy.- Clinical Utility of Urokinase-Treated Polymer for Antithrombogenic Material.- Artificial Cell Immobilized Multienzyme Systems and Cofactors.- Antithrombogenic Activity of Artificial Medical Materials Improved by Enzyme Immobilization Techniques.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes for Biomaterials Used in the Field of Thoracic Surgery.- Use of Immobilization Principles for the Construction of Drug Targeting Systems.- Application of Bioreactors with Immobilized L-Asparaginase.- Acyl-CoA Synthetase and Acyl-CoA Oxidase for Determination of Serum Free Fatty Acids.- Enzyme Immunoassay for Free Thyroxine.- Routine Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide in Clinical Chemistry with Immobilized Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.- Enzyme Electrodes for Simultaneous Determination of Creatinine and Creatine in Serum or Whole Blood.- Session VIII. Genetic Engineering for Enzyme (Or Important Biological Substances) Production.- Construction of Various Host Vector Systems and the Variation of Enzyme Levels.- Enzymes Active on Unnatural Synthetic Compounds: Nylon Oligomer Hydrolases Controlled by a Plasmid and Their Cloning.- Closing Session.- Recent Developments and Future Aspects of Enzyme Engineering.- List of Participants.