Exercise, Calories, Fat and Cancer

The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) sponsored its second annual conference on nutrition and cancer. The theme was "Exercise, Calories, Fat, and Cancer" and the conference was held September 4-5, 1991 at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City, Virginia. This proceedings volume contains chapters from the platform presentations and abstracts from each poster presentation. Relationships among physical activity, calorie consumption, energy expenditure, dietary fat, and cancer are described in the context of epidemiologic, animal, and in vitro studies. Dietary recommendations to lower cancer risk are based on expanding evidence relating nutrition and cancer. Identification of the precise dietary contribution to disease is complicated by the concurrent genetic and environmental contributions, in addition to the inherent difficulties in gathering and interpreting epidemiologic data. Individual variations in cancer risk are the result of differences in genetic and environmental factors including sources and amounts of calories consumed, metabolism, and energy expenditure. Human and animal studies describing independent and combined influences of exercise, calorie restriction, and dietary fat on carcinogenesis are reported in this volume.

1 Exercise, Calories, and Fat: Future Challenges.- I. Introduction.- II. Body Weight and Disease Risk.- III. Calories and Energy Expenditure.- IV. Food Composition Estimation and Evaluation.- V. Genetics, Diet, and Disease.- VI. Diets and Dietary Guidelines.- References.- 2 The Influence of Physical Activity on the Incidence of Site-Specific Cancers in College Alumni.- I. Introduction.- II. College Sports and Site-Specific Cancers.- III. Alumni Physical Activity and Site-Specific Cancers.- IV. Long-Term Physical Activity and Colon Cancer.- V. High Levels of Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer.- VI. Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Incidence.- VII. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Effects of Voluntary Exercise and/or Food Restriction on Pancreatic Tumorigenesis in Male Rats.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- A. Animals, Diets, and Treatments.- B. Exercise Monitoring.- C. Autopsy and Histopathology.- D. Statistics.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- References.- 4 Former Athletes Have a Lower Lifetime Occurrence of Breast Cancer and Cancers of the Reproductive System.- I. Introduction.- II. Subjects and Methods.- A. Pre-College Athletic Training.- B. Current Exercise.- C. Medical and Reproductive History.- D. Statistical Methods.- III. Results.- A. Cancers of the Reproductive System.- B. Breast Cancer.- C. Family History of Cancer, and Other Characteristics of the Alumnae.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 5 Voluntary Exercise and Experimental Mammary Cancer.- I. Introduction.- II. The NMU Model.- III. The DMBA Model.- IV. The C3H/oµJ Mouse Mammary Tumor Model (MMTV).- V. The R13762 Metastasizing Mammary Tumor.- VI. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Effect of Amount and Type of Exercise on Experimentally Induced Breast Cancer.- I. Introduction.- II. General Comments on Methodology.- A. Model for Experimentally Induced Breast Cancer.- B. Model for Physical Activity.- C. Diet Formulation.- III. Presentation of Experimental Findings.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- References.- 7 Modulation of Chemical Toxicity by Modification of Caloric Intake.- I. Introduction.- II. Animals and Diets.- III. Body Weight, Survival, and Pathology.- IV. Free Radical Detoxification.- V. Caloric Restriction and Drug Metabolism in the Liver.- VI. Chemical Carcinogenesis.- VII. Consequences for Human Nutrition.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 8 Calories, Fat, Fibers, and Cellular Proliferation in Swiss Webster Mice.- I. Introduction.- II. The Experimental Approach.- III. Dietary and Caloric Restriction.- IV. Fibers and Bulking Agents.- V. Fat.- VI. Overview.- VII. Summary.- References.- 9 Caloric Intake, Dietary Fat Level, and Experimental Carcinogenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Fat Level, Energy Balance, and Cancer Incidence.- III. Discussion.- IV. Epilogue.- References.- 10 A Model System for Studying Nutritional Interventions on Colon Tumor Growth: Effects of Marine Oil.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- A. Animal Care and Feeding.- B. Tissue Culture.- C. Tumor Implantation into the Bowel.- D. Colonization Assay.- E. Time to Death.- F. Statistical Methods.- G. Histology.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- References.- 11 Enhancement of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis by Dehydroepiandrosterone.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- A. Chemicals.- B. Animals and Treatment Conditions.- C. Energy Expenditure.- D. Quantitative Analysis of Foci.- E. Statistical Analysis.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 12 Caloric Restriction and Experimental Carcinogenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Caloric Restriction and Carcinogenesis.- A. Inhibition of Spontaneous, Transplanted, or Induced Tumors.- B. Combined Effects of Dietary Fat and Caloric Restriction on Carcinogenesis.- C. Exercise, Caloric Restriction, and Carcinogenesis.- III. Proposed Mechanisms for Inhibition of Tumorigenesis by Caloric Restriction.- References.- 13 Breast Cancer ― The Optimal Diet.- I. Introduction.- II. The Evidence.- III. The Optimal Diet and Its Implementation in Clinical Practice.- IV. Summary.- References.- 14 Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer: Testing Interventions to Reduce Risks.- I. Introduction.- II. Possible Diet-Related Hypotheses.- A. Fat.- B. Caloric Excess and Body Weight, Effects of Physical Activity.- C. Phytoestrogens and Soya Products.- D. Alcohol.- E. Dietary Fiber.- F. Protein.- III. Progress in Prospective Feasibility Studies to Date Testing the Fat Hypothesis.- A. Women’s Health Trial Vanguard Group Study.- B. Future National Cancer Institute Studies.- C. Nutrition Adjuvant Study (NAS) and Women’s Intervention and Nutrition Study (WINS).- D. Canadian (Ludwig Institute) Studies.- E. Scandinavian Studies.- F. Possible American Cancer Society Initiative.- IV. Unsettled Research Issues.- A. Nutritional Homogeneity.- B. Indirect Measures of Adherence.- C. Reliability and Validity of Dietary Assessment Methods.- D. The Limitations of Dietary Assessment Methods.- E. Semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaires: Uses and Need for Further Study.- F. Response Errors and Bias with Dietary Assessment Methods.- G. Converting Foods into Nutrients or Other Constituents: Errors Involved in these Procedures.- 1. Completeness and Use of Inputed Values.- 2. Nutrient Data Bases Used for Semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaires.- H. The Biologic Effects of Dietary Fat Intake at Various Levels of Energy Balance.- I. Errors in Interpretation of Dietary Intake Data and Inferences about Risk of Disease.- V. Future Directions.- References.- 15 Possible Mechanisms through which Dietary Lipids, Calorie Restriction, and Exercise Modulate Breast Cancer.- I. Introduction.- II. Dietary Lipids and Tumor Growth.- A. ?-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Protection.- B. ?-3 Lipids and Human Breast Cancer Cells.- C. Membrane Lipids.- III. Energy Balance.- IV. Endocrine System.- A. Estradiol.- B. Glucocorticoids, Progestins, and Androgens.- V. Cytokines, Growth Factors, and Prostaglandins.- A. Interleukin-2 and Interferon-?.- B. Interleukin-6.- C. Tumor Necrosis Factor.- D. TGF-ß.- E. Prostaglandins.- VI. Oncogenes.- A. c-ras.- B. Her-2/neu.- VII. Modulation of Immune Function by Food Restriction and Physical Activity.- References.- 16 Dietary Fat, Calories, and Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Amount of Dietary Fat and the Development of Mammary Tumors in Experimental Animals.- III. Type of Dietary Fat and the Development of Mammary Tumors in Experimental Animals.- IV. Dietary Fat and the Metastasis of Mammary Tumor Cells in Experimental Animals.- V. Dietary Fat and Calories in Mammary Tumor Development in Experimental Animals.- VI. Dietary Fat and the Growth of Human Breast Carcinomas Maintained in Immune-Deficient Mice.- VII. Summary.- References.- 17 Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer: A Search for Mechanisms.- I. Introduction.- II. Overview: Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer in Rodents.- III. Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer in Humans.- IV. Mechanisms of Action.- A. A Direct Effect of Fat on Mammary Cells and Carcinogenesis.- 1. The Ability of Dietary Fat to Overcome the Refractoriness of the Mammary Gland to Chemical Carcinogenesis.- 2. Effects of Free Fatty Acids on Growth of Normal and Neoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro.- 3. Dietary Lipids and Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis.- B. An Indirect Effect of Dietary Lipids on Mammary Carcinogenesis.- 1. Effect of Dietary Lipids on Hormone Metabolism.- a. Studies in Laboratory Animals.- b. Studies in Humans.- 2. Effect of Dietary Lipids on Physical Characteristics of Responsive Tissues.- V. Conclusion.- References.- 18 Selected Recent Studies of Exercise, Energy Metabolism, Body Weight, and Blood Lipids Relevant to Interpretation and Design of Studies of Exercise and Cancer.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors that Influence Intake and Utilization of Calories.- A. Diet Composition.- B. Physical Activity.- III. Exercise and Blood Lipids.- IV. Endocrine Responses to Exercise.- V. Conclusion.- References.- Poster Abstracts.