Extracerebral Collections

This series of yearly books on Advances in Neurotraumatology is being published under the auspices of the Scientific Committee of Neuro­ traumatology of the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons. For some years neurotraumatology was perhaps too much looked upon as a secondary part of neurosurgery. But the constant increase of cases has provoked a renewal of interest all over the world, involving not only neurosurgeons but also any surgeon who has to take care of such patients. Each volume, in order to cover the whole of neurosurgery, will be concerned with a special topic, the various chapters of which being envisaged in detail, and followed by a practical "How to do it". Every volume will also contain chapters outside the envisaged topic regarding some up-to-date problems. The authors, chosen from various countries for their special competence, will try to offer an efficient contribution to the knowledge of neuro­ traumatology, and also to present a bedside series of handy books helping those who tend these cases. The first volume will deal with "Extracerebral Collections", the second "Dorsal and Lumbar Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries", the third "Cerebral Contusions, Lacerations and Hematomas", and the next ones will continue to successively approach all the other neurotraumatological topics.

Traumatic Extradural Hematomas.- A. Anatomy.- B. Physio-Pathology.- I. The Cranial Trauma.- II. TheEDH.- C. General Data.- D. Anatomico-Pathology.- I. The Hematoma.- II. Bone Lesions.- III. Associated Lesions.- E. Clinical Study.- I. Troubles of Consciousness.- II. Neurological Signs.- III. Evolutive Forms.- IV. Topographic Forms.- F. Complementary Investigations.- I. Standard Investigations.- II. Diagnostic Methods.- G. Treatment.- I. Surgical.- II. Medical.- H. Outcome and Results.- L How to Do It.- I. Course to Follow According to the Clinical State.- II. Course to Follow According to the Management.- References.- Acute Subdural Hematomas.- and General Principles.- Prognosis.- Etiology of Acute Subdural Hematoma.- Pathophysiology.- Secondary Brain Displacement.- Tentorial Herniation.- Intracranial Hypertension.- Diagnosis of Acute Subdural Hematoma.- Computed Tomography.- Angiography.- Ventriculography and Intracranial Pressure Measurement.- Diagnostic or Exploratory Burr Holes.- Management.- Operative Treatment of Acute Closed Head Injuries.- Clinical Status as an Indication for Operation.- Radiographic Indications of a Mass Requiring Operative Treatment.- Preparations for Operation and Anesthesia.- Positioning of the Patient.- Operative Technique for Traumatic Intracranial Mass Lesions.- Rationale for Use of the Basic Large Craniotomy Trauma Flap.- Technique of Basic Large Trauma Craniotomy.- Postoperative Intensive Care and Medical Management.- Intensive Medical Management Protocol.- Conclusions.- References.- Chronic Subdural Hematoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition and Clinical Features.- 2.1. Epidemiology.- 2.2. Frequency.- 2.3. Age and Sex Incidences.- 2.4. Localization of the Lesion.- 3. Etiopathogenesis.- 3.1. Histology and Histopathology of Membranes.- 3.2. Osmotic Theory.- 3.3. Repetitive Bleeding.- 3.4. Fibrinolytic Activity.- 4. Experimental Production of Chronic Subdural Hematoma.- 5. Clinical Manifestations.- 6. Diagnostic Procedures.- 7. Surgical Treatment and Its Complications.- 8. Nonsurgical Treatment.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. “How to Do It”.- References.- Subdural Hydromas.- Terminology and Definition.- Historical Background 158Pathophysiology.- Incidence.- Sex and Age.- Location.- Severity of Head Injury.- Interval from Head Injury to CT Diagnosis.- Symptoms and Signs.- Diagnosis.- Treatment.- References.- Extracerebral Hematomas in Children.- I. Extracranial Hematomas.- A. Subcutaneous Hematoma.- B. Subgaleal Hematoma.- C. Cephalhematomas.- II. Intracranial Hematomas.- A. Subdural Hematomas.- Anatomical Aspects.- Causes of Subdural Hemorrhage.- 1. Subdural Hematomas in the Newborn.- 2. Subdural Hematomas in Infants and Young Children.- Diagnostic Investigation.- B. Extradural Hematomas.- Incidence.- Age.- Sex.- Etiology.- Localization.- Clinical Signs.- Neurological Signs.- Other Clinical Signs.- Diagnostic Aids.- Treatment.- Surgical Treatment.- Results.- How It Should Be Done.- References.- Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Theory and Practice.- Prerequisites for Monitoring.- Indications for Monitoring.- Is ICP Monitoring Clinically Useful?.- ICP Monitoring and the Decision to Operate.- ICP Monitoring and the CT Scan 218Monitoring Techniques.- Contraindications to ICP Monitoring.- Technical Complications of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring.- Hemorrhage.- Inaccurate Data Recording.- ICP Monitoring in the Future.- References.- Prediction of Outcome After Head Injury—A Critical Review.- Steps Required to Determine Outcome in Individual Patients.- A. Defining the Patient Population.- B. Recording the Preinjury Factors of Importance.- C. Describing the Neurological Status of the Patient on Entry to the Series.- D. Other Injury Related Factors.- E. Definition and Recording of Outcome.- F Generation of a Data Base.- G. Development and Testing of a Prognostic Algorithm.- Individual Prognostic Factors in Head-Injured Patients.- A. Preinjury Factors.- B. Injury-Related Factors.- 1. Type of Injury.- 2. Level of Consciousness.- 3. Signs of Brain Stem Dysfunction.- C. Secondary Systemic Insults to the Injured Brain.- D. Intracranial Hematoma.- E. Injury-Related Factors—Special Investigations.- 1. Intracranial Pressure.- 2. CT Scan.- 3. Measurements of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow.- 4. Measurement of Evoked Cortical Potentials.- 5. Recording of Respiratory Pattern.- 6. Measurements of Substances in CSF and Blood.- Current Status of Outcome Prediction.- A. Predicting the Chances of Death or Survival.- B. Forecasting Morbidity.- Conclusions.- References.- Epilogue.- Sulyect Index.