This book describes a relatively unsung triumph of the Apollo program. The extreme limitation of resources available for exploring the lunar surface required the creation of an altogether new approach to science and exploration— the “Apollo Approach,” also known as the “Extreme Science Approach.”
This book analyses the record of Apollo and essential pre-Apollo precursor (Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbiter) programs, including firsthand interviews with the people involved; recently archived training, simulation, planning documentation; and the Apollo Lunar Surface Log, to show how the missions to the Moon created a novel baseline for field exploration. As we approach the new series of Artemis missions, the book looks forward, applying what Apollo taught us to the scientific exploration that will be conducted in the future.
With each breakthrough, Apollo created the foundations not only for lunar missions, but for any space exploration activity that followed. This book will show you how it did so, and what’s next.
Pamela E. Clark, PhD, grew up in New England and, inspired by President John Kennedy, decided to explore outer space. She thought, “If they can put a man on the moon, they can put a woman (me) on Mars!” She obtained her BA from St. Joseph College. There, she participated in organic geochemistry research with Dr. Mary Ellen Murphy, one of the developers of criteria for biogenicity for moon rocks, and coordinated an NSF inter–disciplinary undergraduate field research project. To obtain her PhD in planetary geochemistry (University of Maryland), she simulated, analyzed, correlated, and interpreted lunar X-ray spectra. She was a member of the group, led by Isidore Adler and Jack Trombka, that pioneered the use of orbital x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers and participated in the USGS Astrogeology Branch Lunar Data Consortium, the first attempt to create a common format database for all the remote sensing data from a planetary body.
After completing her PhD, she worked with the Goldstone Solar System Radar group, and expanded her remote sensing background to include radar, thermal and near infrared studies of planetary surfaces with particular emphasis on the study of Mercury’s surface. Dr. Clark organized a briefing team to promote a mission to Mercury, for a while edited the Mercury Messenger newsletter.
Following this, she became a member of a GSFC group led by Steve Curtis that developed innovative concepts for autonomous, compact, low-cost multi-platform tools, instrument packages, and missions for extreme environments. More recently, her background and long-term interest in lunar exploration led her to support the development of science requirements, operational scenarios, and architectures for the return to the Moon as part of various lunar initiatives, which provided the basis for this book. She has also led the promotion of the cubesat paradigm for deep space exploration in the planetary science community, developing the programs for the annual Lunar Cubes Workshops first sponsored by Flexure Engineering. She led the working group and was the Science PI for the NASA NextSTEP lunar orbiter Lunar IceCube built by the Space Science Center at Morehead State University and launched by ARTEMIS 1.
Dr. Clark has worked at NASA GSFC and JPL, as well as at several universities during the course of her career, and is currently the director of the Star Theater and member of the technical staff of the Space Science Center at Morehead State University. Her major goal in life is to bring scientists, engineers, technologists, and entrepreneurs together to create sustainable exploration and utilization of deep space, with the Moon as a strategic stepping stone. Springer has published her books “Dynamic Planet: Mercury in the Context of its Environment”, “Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration” (coauthored with Michael Rilee) and “Constant-Scale Natural Boundary Mapping in the Solar System and Beyond” (coauthored with Chuck Clark).
