This book is a new assessment of the ideology and political program of Britain’s fascist and extreme right-wing community during the interwar period (1919–1940). It examines this group’s belief system as it clustered around three major preoccupations – Modernization, Empire, and War. In doing so, the book identifies many inconsistencies, contradictions, and moral failings, which contributed to the failure of the far-right tendency in the interwar years. The numerous beliefs and policies examined all point to a movement that was determined to return Britain to the levels of global power and international leadership it had once enjoyed – but by means of policies of disengagement and isolation. As such, it provides insight into the resurgence of the extreme right today.
Reexamines the ideology and political program of Britain’s interwar fascist and extreme right-wing groups, highlighting their contradictions and moral failings as they sought to restore national power through disengagement and isolation
The book seeks to provide the general reader, student, and academic specialist a detailed examination of the Fascist and broader extreme right-wing community in Great Britain during the interwar years. Fascist groups began to form and grow during the 1920s, but became a more visible component of Britain’s political turmoil during the 1930s. The largest and most visible group was the British Union of Fascists (BUF; 1932–1940) led by Sir Oswald Mosley, called by some the “British Hitler.” The extreme right wing in Britain was, however, a larger political tendency than merely Mosley’s BUF. It included several explicitly Fascist groups, racial purity groups, a group of large press outlets, numerous high-profile individuals, and several sitting Conservative politicians. The BUF did not seriously run candidates in the 1935 elections and hence did not see any of its members elected to Parliament. But it was far from irrelevant. Members of the British far right led vocal campaigns in support of the continental dictatorships, for the extermination of Marxism, for the massive rearmament of the country, and for the modernizing and re-building of Britain as a Great Power. As such, the extreme right was a vocal and visible part of Britain’s political discourse of the time.
The book will operate on two levels, making it meaningful to multiple audiences. First, the book will provide a basic narrative description of the British Fascist movement and its various offshoots. This will include the principal organizations, key individuals, the essential components of its political ideology, and the events which saw the movement grow, decline, and then virtually disappear under government suppression and public outrage. Any interested general reader of modern history will be able to gain a basic understanding of the movement, its ideology, and its trajectory. It should thus be able to stand alone as a useful basic survey.
Second, the book puts forward an academic thesis and is based upon original, archival research. The chapters dissect the various components of the extreme right political program, and in each case identifies problematic contradictions. The far right routinely insisted that it alone had the modern, rational, and realistic answers for the new problems of the modern world. However, as will be explained in each case, the far-right program was riven with cross-purposes and ideological contradictions. Zander’s approach is to examine the extreme right by organizing its program into their three most urgent policy pre-occupations: Modernization, Empire, and War. By dissecting the extreme right agenda this way, each area of their political agenda reveals itself to have been seriously flawed with contradictory policies, means that did not match objectives, simple irrationality, and blatant immorality. In the final analysis, the principal academic thesis of the book concern the far right’s dream to return Britain to its earlier position of global economic, political, and cultural leadership, while employing a set of policies and means that would accomplish much the opposite – to, in fact, disengage it from the world and make Britain an insulated national fortress.
The last few years have seen a renewal of the extreme right wing as a political force, particularly in Europe and the United States. Several of the ideological components and policy priorities of Britain’s far right in the interwar years are quite similar to the extreme right movements of today. By examining the historical development of the far right of the time, perhaps some light may be shed on the resurgence of the far right today.
Patrick G. Zander is Professor of History at Georgia Gwinnett College in Atlanta Georgia. He is the winner of the Duncan C. Tanner Prize from Oxford University Press and is the author of seven books on twentieth century history.
