Fiber and Integrated Optics

The Advanced Study Institute on Fiber and Integrated Optics was held at Cargese from June 23 to July 7, 1978, at a time when both fields were undergoing a very rapid evolution. Fiber optics communications systems, in a multimode form, are moving out of laboratories and into practical use, and integrated optics is beginning to produce high performance, single-mode devices. In addition, the spin-off from the technological developments in both fields is beginning to have a growing impact on the general field of experimental physics. The lectures given at Cargese and assembled here illustrate these points and will be of considerable interest to both newcomers and people already in these fields. The lectures in the first eight chapters of the book deal with fiber and optical communications. The second section, chapters 9-13, is devoted essentially to integrated optics. The third section, chapters 14-17, is devoted to technical seminars and the remaining chapters, 18-22, to national reviews and economic aspects of fiber systems. On behalf of the organizing committee, which included Drs. Unger, Arnaud, Scheggi, and Daino, I would like to thank the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, and in particular its director, Dr. T. Kester, for enabling this Advanced Study Institute to be held. In addition, we would like to offer a very heartfelt thanks to Marie-France Hanseler, who, aided by Aline Medernach and G. Sala, created the memorable atmosphere that pervaded the Institute.

Propagation in Optical Fibers.- Fiber Technology.- Measurements.- Measurements on Bulk Samples.- Profile Measurements.- Backward Scattering.- Power Transfer.- Waves and Rays.- Time-Harmonic Plane Waves.- Rays Defined from Truncated Time-Harmonic Waves.- Group Velocity Defined from Gated Plane Waves.- Refraction at Plane Interfaces.- Uniform Circularly Symmetric Fibers.- Ray Energy (E), Angular Momentum (?) and Action (I).- Time of Flight.- Randomly Bent Fibers.- Randomly Bent Dielectric Slabs.- Arbitrary Profiles and Arbitrary Curvatures.- Impulse Responses.- Effects Not Predicted by Paraxial Ray Theory.- Fabrication of Optical Fibers.- Attenuation and Dispersion Control.- Attenuation Controlling Factors.- Dispersion Control.- High Silica Fibers Fabrication Techniques.- Dopants: Raw Materials Purification.- Flame Hydrolysis.- Plasma Torch CVD.- Thermal CVD.- Plasma Activated CVD.- Fiber Pulling.- Multicomponent Glass Fibers.- Glass Systems: Raw Materials Purification.- Melting.- Fiber Pulling.- Plastic Clad Fibers.- Fibers Made by Phase Separation.- Experimental Evaluation of Optical Fibers: A Review.- Geometrical Measurements.- Measurement of Refractive Index Profile.- The Near-Field Scanning Technique.- Reflection and Transmission Method.- The Interference Microscopy Method.- Further Possibilities.- Continuous Measurement of Fiber Geometry and Profile by Transverse Illumination.- Absorption and Scattering Loss Measurements.- Absorption Loss.- Scattering Loss.- Test of Microbending Loss.- Attenuation Measurements.- The Cut-Back Technique.- The Backscattering Technique.- The Lateral Scattering Technique.- Pulse-Distortion and Frequency-Response Tests.- Time-Domain Measurements.- Frequency-Domain Tests.- Conclusions.- Cable Fabrication.- Requirements for Optical Fiber Cable.- Transmission Properties.- Mechanical Properties.- Multifiber Bundle.- Telecommunication Cables.- Coating Fiber.- Monofiber Cable.- Multifiber Cable.- Ribbon Cable.- Fiber Optic Communications Systems: Subjective Nature of Human Communications.- Why Digital Communications?.- How to Go from Analog to Digital Signal.- Fiber Optic Communication Systems.- Digital Transmission.- Fiber Transmission Characteristics.- The Photoreciever.- PIN Diode: Structure and Operation.- The Avalance Photodetector.- Long Wavelength Photodection.- Transmitter Design.- The Electroluminescent Diode.- The Semiconductor Laser.- Conclusion.- Signal Processing in Digital Fiber Optic Transmissions.- Personick’s Approach.- Tamburelli-Luvision and Dogliotti’s Approach.- Conclusion.- Analog Transmission.- Amplitude Modulation.- Frequency Modulation.- Pulse Position Modulation.- Conclusion.- General Conclusion.- Photodectors for Integrated Optics and Fiber Optical Communication.- Characteristics of Photodiodes Sensitive Between 0.5 and 1.5 eV.- Spectral Response.- Detector Response Time.- Photodiode Sensitivity: Noise and the Minimum Detectable Power.- Avalanche Gain: Impact Ionization and Excess Noise.- An Example: Photodiode Performance in Optical Fiber Communication Systems.- Summary.- Fiber Raman Lasers.- Stimulated Raman Scattering.- Raman Gain.- Raman Gain in Fibers.- Stimulated Raman Threshold.- Backward Stimulated Raman Scattering.- Practical Problems.- Raman Oscillators.- cw Oscillators.- Pulsed Oscillators.- Materials Considerations.- Other Nonlinear Processes.- Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.- Self-Phase Modulation.- Four-Photon Mixing.- Conclusions.- Planar Optical Waveguides.- Total Reflection.- Dielectric Films.- Film Mode Scattering.- Graded-Index Films.- Strip Guides.- Strip-Loaded Film Guide.- Rib Guide.- Bulge Guides.- The Coupled-Mode Formalism in Guided-Wave Optics.- The Coupled-Mode Formalism.- Codirectional Coupling.- Contradirectional Coupling.- Elecromagnetic Derivations of the Coupled-Mode Equations.- TE Modes.- TM Modes.- The Coupling Equation.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Case I: TE input-TE output.- Case II: TM input-TM output.- Phase Matching.- Electrooptic Mode Coupling.- Phase Matching in Elecrooptic Coupling.- Photoelastic Coupling.- Coupling by a Surface Corrugation.- Summary.- Optical Waveguide Modulation Techniques.- Definitions.- Some Physical Effects Used in Optical Modulators and Switches.- Electro-Optic Effects.- Acousto-Optic Effects.- Bulk Modulators.- Bulk Acousto-Optic Modulators.- Bulk Electro-Optic Modulators.- Optical Waveguide Modulators.- Acousto-Optic Waveguide Modulators.- Two Recent Acousto-Optic Waveguide Modulator.- Experiments.- Electro-Optic Waveguide Modulators.- Experimental Electro-Optic Waveguide Modulators.- Coupled-Wave Devices.- Codirectional Devices.- Directional Coupler.- Switched Directional Coupler.- Stepped-?ß Coupler.- Bistable-?ß Coupler.- Tunable Coupler Filter.- The Electrooptic Bragg Deflector.- The Acoustooptic Bragg Deflector.- TE-TM Mode Converter.- Guided-Wave Harris Filter.- Contradirectional Devices.- Corrugated Waveguide Filters.- Tapered and Chirped Grating Filters.- Distributed Bragg Reflector Lasers.- Distributed Feedback Lasers.- Exotic Uses of Guided Wave Optics.- Fiber Devices.- Movement Sensors: Fiber Gyroscopes.- Fiber Parameter Sensors.- Fiber Lasers.- Integrated Optical Devices.- Integrated Optical Spectral Analyzer.- Integrated Optical A/D Converters.- Integrated Optical Logic Devices.- Integrated Optical Bistable Devices.- Scientific Use of Guided Wave Optics.- Absorption Spectroscopy Using Integrated Optics.- Superconducting Weak Links Induced by Optical Guided Waves.- Conclusion.- Nonlinear Experiments with Ti Diffused LiNbO3 Optical Waveguides.- Coherence Effects of the Electromagnetic Field Propagating in a Multimode Optical Fiber.- Measurement of the Near-Field Intensity.- Measurement of the Complex Degree of Coherence.- A Comparison of Single-Mode and Multimode Fibres for Long-Distance Telecommunications.- Attenuation.- Fabrication.- Limiting Core Diameter for Single-Mode Operation.- Bandwidth.- Characterisation.- Bending and Microbending Losses.- Splice Losses.- Sources and Detectors.- Geodesic Lenses in Integrated Optics.- Perfect Aspheric Geodesic Lenses with Smooth Junctions.- Hemishperical Geodesic Correlator.- Conclusions.- Guided Wave Activity in Germany.- Optical Fibre Communication.- Integrated Optics.- Recent Work on Optical Fibre Systems and Components in the UK.- Optical Fibre.- Fibre Propagation.- Fibre Measurement Techniques.- Fibre Jointing, Splicing and Connectors.- Sources.- System Design.- Systems Experiments.- Fibre and Integrated Optics in France.- A National Review on Fiber and Integrated Optics Activity in Italy.- Fibers and Cables.- Propagation in Optical Fibers.- Sources and Detectors.- Measurement Methods.- Systems.- Integrated Optics.- Economic Aspects of Fibre Systems.- Cost-Comparison Studies.- Basic Cost Factors for Fibre Systems.- Optical Fibres and Cables.- Optical Detectors.- Optical Sources.- System Cost Sensitivity.- Cost Comparison with Copper Cable Systems.- Conclusions.