Forest Policy : A contribution to resource development

5. 3. 2 Some facts and figures 177 5. 3. 3 Policy implications 179 5. 4 Tropical moist forest 182 5. 4. 1 Introduction 182 5. 4. 2 History 184 5. 4. 3 Policy considerations 186 5. 4. 4 Policy options 188 5. 5 Farm Forestry 190 5. 5. 1 Introduction 190 5. 5. 2 Types of farm forests 192 5. 5. 3 The dynamics in farm forestry 193 5. 5. 4 Forest policy and farm forestry 194 5. 6 Agroforestry 196 5. 6. 1 Introduction 196 5. 6. 2 History 198 5. 6. 3 Policy aspects 200 5. 7 Rural community development 203 5. 7. 1 Introduction 203 5. 7. 2 Developing countries 203 5. 7. 3 Developed countries 207 References 210 6 INSTITUTIONS AND ADMINISTRATION 213 by Fred Hummel 6. 1 Forest ownership 213 6. 1. 1 State forests 213 6. 1. 2 Forests owned by individuals 214 6. 1. 3 Communal forests 216 6. 1. 4 Co-operative forests 217 6. 1. 5 Forests owned by industry 218 6. 1. 6 Forests owned by institutions 219 6. 1. 7 Policy considerations 220 6. 2 Legislation 221 6. 2. 1 General considerations 222 6. 2. 2 Drafting and reviewing forest legislation 223 6. 2. 3 Specific legal issues (land, production, protection) 225 6. 3 Taxation and incentives 227 6. 3. 1 Taxation 228 6. 3. 2 Incentives 230 6. 4 Education and training 233 IX 6. 4.

1 Forests and Forestry in National Life.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Forest 1.- 1.1.2 Forestry.- 1.1.3 Forest policy.- 1.2 Past developments.- 1.3 The role of forests and Forestry.- 1.3.1 Forest functions.- 1.3.2 Forestry, the art of managing forests.- 1.4 Policy aspects of forest management.- 1.5 Forestry in relation to other policies.- 1.6 Co-ordination of policies.- References.- 2 The World Perspective.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The forest resource.- 2.2.1 Land use categories.- 2.2.2 Main types of forest.- 2.2.3 Standing volume.- 2.2.4 The outlook for the forest resource.- 2.2.5 Man-made forests.- 2.3 World trends in wood consumption and supply.- 2.3.1 Present consumption of forest products.- 2.3.2 The wood harvest.- 2.3.3 International trade in forest products.- 2.3.4 The growing interest in long-term outlook studies.- 2.3.5 Major long-term studies.- 2.3.6 The world outlook.- 2.4 International implications for national policies.- Notes.- References.- 3 The Production Functions.- 3.1 Forest products.- 3.1.1 Wood in the world economy.- 3.1.2 Factors influencing the consumption of industrial wood.- 3.1.3 The industrial wood products.- 3.1.4 Trends in the structure of wood consumption.- 3.1.5 Forest products other than wood.- 3.2 Forest production.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Past developments.- 3.2.3 Some policy aspects.- 3.2.4 The principle of sustained yield.- 3.2.5 The rotation period and its function.- 3.2.6 Natural forests and plantations.- 3.2.7 Permanent or interrupted biological production.- 3.2.8 How to increase wood production.- 3.3 Marketing.- 3.3.1 The market economies.- 3.3.2 The centrally planned economies.- 3.4 Forest policy and forest industry.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Forecasting supply and consumption.- 3.4.3 Forest industries — objectives and options.- 3.4.4 The relations between forestry and forest industry.- References.- 4 The Service Functions.- 4.1 Protection of the environment.- 4.1.1 The general situation.- 4.1.2 The water cycle.- 4.1.3 The atmosphere.- 4.1.4 The soil.- 4.1.5 Wildlife and landscape.- 4.2 Recreation.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 General recreation.- 4.2.3 Specific recreational uses.- 4.3 Urban forestry.- 4.4 Evaluation and financing of service functions.- 4.4.1 Introduction.- 4.4.2 Methods of evaluation.- 4.4.3 Methods of financing.- References.- 5 Some Special Topics.- 5.1 Forest protection.- 5.1.1 Introduction.- 5.1.2 Past developments.- 5.1.3 Causes of damage.- Forest clearance.- Over-exploitation.- Damage by game.- Damage by grazing.- Air pollution.- Forest pollution on the ground.- Fire.- Wind and snow.- Insects and fungi.- 5.1.4 General policy implications.- 5.2 The concept of biomass.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 History.- 5.2.3 Policy aspects.- 5.3 Wood and energy.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Some facts and figures.- 5.3.3 Policy implications.- 5.4 Tropical moist forest.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 History.- 5.4.3 Policy considerations.- 5.4.4 Policy options.- 5.5 Farm Forestry.- 5.5.1 Introduction.- 5.5.2 Types of farm forests.- 5.5.3 The dynamics in farm forestry.- 5.5.4 Forest policy and farm forestry.- 5.6 Agroforestry.- 5.6.1 Introduction.- 5.6.2 History.- 5.6.3 Policy aspects.- 5.7 Rural community development.- 5.7.1 Introduction.- 5.7.2 Developing countries.- 5.7.3 Developed countries.- References.- 6 Institutions And Administration.- 6.1 Forest ownership.- 6.1.1 State forests.- 6.1.2 Forests owned by individuals.- 6.1.3 Communal forests.- 6.1.4 Co-operative forests.- 6.1.5 Forests owned by industry.- 6.1.6 Forests owned by institutions.- 6.1.7 Policy considerations.- 6.2 Legislation.- 6.2.1 General considerations.- 6.2.2 Drafting and reviewing forest legislation.- 6.2.3 Specific legal issues (land, production, protection).- 6.3 Taxation and incentives.- 6.3.1 Taxation.- 6.3.2 Incentives.- 6.4 Education and training.- 6.4.1 University level (forest officers).- 6.4.2 Technical level (foresters).- 6.4.3 Operational level (forest workers).- 6.4.4 Refresher courses.- 6.4.5 Courses to obtain additional qualifications.- 6.4.6 Informing the public.- 6.5 Research.- 6.5.1 History.- 6.5.2 Scope.- 6.5.3 Organization.- 6.5.4 Policy priorities.- 6.5.5 International co-operation.- 6.6 The government forest services.- 6.6.1 Ministerial responsibility.- 6.6.2 Forest authority and state forest enterprise.- 6.6.3 Structures.- 6.6.4 Finance.- 6.7 Personnel.- 6.7.1 Professional, technical and administrative personnel.- 6.7.2 Forest workers.- References.- 7 International Organizations and Conferences.- 7.1 The background.- 7.2 Worldwide governmental organizations.- 7.2.1 FAO.- 7.2.2 UNESCO.- 7.2.3 UNEP.- 7.2.4 UNCTAD.- 7.2.5 UNIDO.- 7.2.6 WMO.- 7.2.7 ILO.- 7.2.8 World bank.- 7.2.9 World food programme.- 7.3 Worldwide non-governmental organizations.- 7.3.1 IUFRO.- 7.3.2 IUCN.- 7.3.3 WWF.- 7.3.4 ICRAF.- 7.4 Regional and other groups.- 7.4.1 United Nations Regional Economic Commissions (ECE, ECA, ECLA, ESCAP, ECWA).- 7.4.2 OECD.- 7.4.3 EEC.- 7.4.4 Regional development banks.- 7.4.5 Other regional groups.- 7.5 Problems and achievements.- Annex: Addresses of International Organizations.- 8 Policy Formation.- 8.1 The framework.- 8.1.1 General points.- 8.1.2 Responsibilities.- 8.1.3 Public involvement.- 8.1.4 Steps in policy formation.- 8.1.5 Implementation.- 8.2 Practice.- 8.2.1 The need for new policies.- 8.2.2 The direction of change — developing countries.- 8.2.3 The direction of change — developed countries.- 8.2.4 The process of policy formation.- 8.2.5 Concluding remarks.- References.- Annex: Objectives and Principles of Forestry Policy (Proposal by EEC Commission).