Functions of the Natural Immune System

I. Role of the Natural Immune System in the Control of Tumor Cell Growth.- 1 Role of the Natural Immune System in Control of Primary Tumors and Metastasis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of NK Cells in Host Resistance to Primary-Tumor Growth.- 3. NK Cells and Metastatic Growth.- 4. Role of NK Cells in the Antimetastatic Effects of Anticoagulant Drugs.- 5. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Antigen Expression and NK Sensitivity of Tumor Cells.- 6. Role in Immune Surveillance against Tumors.- 7. Stimulation of Natural Cell-Mediated Immunity and Treatment of Tumor Metastases.- References.- 2 Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells: Biology and Therapeutic Efficacy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Characterization and in Vitro Activity of Murine Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells.- 3. Adoptive Immunotherapy in Murine Tumor Models.- 4. Mechanisms of Adoptive Immunotherapy and Toxicity in the Murine Model.- 5. Characterization of Human Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells.- 6. Clinical Trials of Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells and IL-2 in the Therapy of Metastatic Cancer.- 7. Future Prospects and Conclusions.- References.- Summary of Part I.- II. Involvement of the NIS in the Control of Microbial Iinfections.- 3 Natural Effector Cells in Influenza Virus Infection.- 1. Historical Perspective of NK Cells and Influenza Infection.- 2. Interferon and Influenza Infection.- 3. Role of NK Cells during Influenza Virus Infection.- 4. Pathological Consequences of NK Activity.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Natural Host Defense Systems Active against Herpes Simplex Virus Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mouse Studies.- 3. Human Studies.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Factors Influencing the Control of Virus Infections by Natural Killer Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. NK-Resistant and NK-Sensitive Viruses.- 3. Age-Dependent Resistance.- 4. Site of Virus Replication.- 5. Interferon-Mediated Effects on Target Cells.- 6. Mechanisms of Selective Lysis of Virus-Infected Target Cells by NK Cells.- 7. Use of NK Cells to Treat Virus Infections.- References.- 6 Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Resistance to Animal Parasites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interactions between Natural Killer Cells and Parasites.- 3. Parasites and Antibody-Facilitated Killer Cells.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Natural Host Resistance Mechanisms against Systemic Mycotic Agents.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in Host Defense.- 3. Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Host Defense.- 4. Natural Killer Cells and Other Nonphagocytic Effector Cells in Host Defense.- 5. Summary.- References.- 8 Role of Natural Killer Cells in Inflammation and Antibacterial Activity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Locomotion of Large Granular Lymphocytes.- 3. In Vivo Migratory Responses for Large Granular Lymphocytes/NK Cells.- 4. Can NK Cells Regulate the Inflammatory Response?.- 5. Do NK Cells Have Antibacterial Activity?.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Summary of Part II.- III. Immunoregulatory Properties of the NIS.- 9 Role of the Natural Immune System in the Antibody Response: Regulatory Effect of NK Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. B Cell Differentiation and Antibody Response.- 3. Evidence for Regulation of Antibody Response by NK Cells.- 4. Cellular Interaction in NK Regulation of B Cell Differentiation and Ig Secretion.- 5. Production of Cytokines by NK Cells and Their Role in the Regulation of Antibody Response.- 6. Conclusions and Summary.- References.- 10 Role of Natural Effector Cells in the Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Characteristics of Natural Immunoregulatory Effector Cells.- 3. Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immune Functions.- 4. Relevance to Disease States.- 5. Summary and Future Directions.- References.- 11 Control of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by Natural Killer Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental and Clinical in Vivo Evidence for a Role of NK Cells in Regulation of Hematopoiesis.- 3. Inhibition of in Vitro Hematopoiesis by Human NK Cells.- 4. Role of Soluble Factors in the Modulation of Hematopoiesis by Lymphocytes.- 5. Regulation of the Production of Cytotoxins by Human Lymphocytes.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 12 Characterization and Functions of the Natural Suppressor Cell Systems.- 1. NS Cell Systems: Where They Are Found.- 2. NS Cells: Development and Mode of Action.- 3. In Vivo Relevance of NS Cell Activity.- 4. Potential Therapeutic Use of NS Cell Activity.- 5. Directions of Future Research.- References.- 13 Cytokine Production by CD3- Large Granular Lymphocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interferon Production.- 3. Interleukin Production.- 4. Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Factors.- 5. Production of Factors by Cloned LGL.- 6. Cell Phenotype and Stimuli.- 7. Conclusion and Remarks.- References.- Summary of Part III.- IV. Involvement of the NIS in Bone Marrow and Allograft Rejection.- 14 Involvement of Natural Effector Cells in Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hybrid Resistance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genetic Control of the Target Structure.- 3. NK Cell Involvement in Hemopoietic Resistance.- References.- 15 Natural Cytotoxicity and Allograft Rejection.- 1. Identification of the Natural Killer Cells.- 2. Changes in Systemic NK Activity after Transplantation and during Rejection.- 3. Changes in Local NK Activity inside the Rejecting Allograft.- 4. Possible Functions of NK Cells and LGL in Acute Allograft Rejection.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Summary of Part IV.- V. Involvement of the NIS in Various Pathological Conditions.- 16 Involvement of Natural Effector Cells in Graft versus Host Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence against a Role of NE Cells in Initiating GVHD.- 3. Evidence for a role of NE Cells in Initiating GVHD.- 4. Relationship of IL-2 and IL-2 Receptor-Bearing Cells on NE Cells and GVHD Progression.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 17 The Natural Immune System and Hematocytopenias.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cellular Immunity and Severe Aplastic Anemia.- 3. Cellular Immunity and Pure Red Cell Aplasia.- 4. Cellular Immunity and Neutropenia.- 5. Cellular Immunity and Thrombocytopenia.- 6. LGL Proliferative Disorders and Hematocytopenias.- 7. Critique of Investigation Methods.- 8. Perspective on the Investigation of Immune-Mediated Cytopenia.- References.- 18 The Natural Immune System in Autoimmune and Neurological Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abnormalities in the Immune Response Leading to Depressed NK Activity.- 3. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren’s Syndrome.- 4. Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 5. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Graves’ Disease.- 6. Relationship of the Natural Immune Response to the Central Nervous System.- 7. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neurological Diseases.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 19 Natural Killer Cells and Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Type I Diabetes Mellitus.- 3. Animal Models.- 4. Mechanisms of Islet Damage.- 5. The Future.- References.- 20 Role of Natural Effector Cells in Human Gastrointestinal Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in the Human Intestine.- 3. Intestinal Macrophages.- 4. Intestinal Mast Cells.- 5. Role of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Liver Disease.- References.- Summary of Part V.