Handbook of Compressed Gases

In the field of compressed gases and related equipment, there is an expanding core of essential knowledge that people handling and using these materials should be familiar with or should know where to find when necessary. The focus of this book concerns the properties and the accepted means of trans­ portation, storage, and handling of compressed gases. This Handbook is simul­ taneously intended as an overview of the subject and a source of supplementary information. It is also intended to serve as a guide to pertinent federal regulatory requirements and published standards of the Compressed Gas Association and other standards-writing bodies. Readers are advised that the CGA technical pamphlets remain the official state­ ment of policy by the Association on a particular matter. Reference is made throughout this text to the numerous technical pamphlets published by the Com­ pressed Gas Association. Some of these publications have been incorporated by reference into federal, state, provincial, and local regulations. Since these pam­ phlets are reviewed on a periodic basis, wherever the text of this Handbook may be found in conflict with corresponding information in the CGA technical pam­ phlets, the latter shall take precedence.

I. Compressed Gases and Related Equipment.- 1. Compressed and Liquefied Gases Today.- Major Families of Compressed Gases.- Safety Programs.- Units of Measure.- Reference.- 2. Regulations Pertaining to Compressed Gases.- Transportation Regulations.- Medical Gas and Medical Device Regulations.- Employee Safety and Health Regulations.- Sterilant/Fumigant Gas Regulations.- References.- 3. General Properties of Gases.- Equations of State.- Thermodynamic Functions.- Critical Properties.- Transport Properties.- Physical and Chemical Properties.- Determination of Moisture Content.- References.- 4. Compressed Gas Containers and Appurtenances.- Cylinders and Small Containers.- Regulators and Control Valves for Cylinders and Other Containers.- Containers for Shipping by Rail in Bulk.- Cargo Tanks and Tube Trailers.- Portable Tanks and ISO Containers.- Containers for Shipping by Water in Bulk.- Cryogenic Containers.- Stationary Storage Containers.- Pipelines.- References.- 5. Safety Guidelines for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Liquids.- General Safety Considerations for Compressed Gases.- Liquefied Compressed Gases.- Cryogenic Liquids.- Flammable Gases.- Inert Gases.- Oxygen and Oxidizing Gases.- Poison (Toxic) Gases.- Corrosive Gases.- OSHA, FDA, EPA, and Canadian Department of Health and Welfare Regulations.- Emergency Response.- Safety Training.- References.- II. Specific Technical Information for Compressed Gas Equipment.- 6. Handling Bulk Shipments of Liquefied Compressed Gases.- Personnel and Training.- General Precautions.- Tank Cars.- Initial Precautions at Rail Loading and Unloading Racks.- Unloading Tank Cars.- Handling Multi-Unit Tank Cars.- Cargo Tanks.- Return of Empty Transport Equipment.- Special Precautions for Specific Gases.- References.- 7. Pressure Relief and Safety Devices.- Pressure Relief Devices for Compressed Gas Cylinders.- Pressure Relief Devices for Cargo and Portable Tanks.- Pressure Relief Devices for Compressed Gas Storage Containers.- Other Safety Devices.- References.- 8. Cylinder Valve, Cylinder Ancillary Equipment, and Bulk Transfer Connections.- Cylinder Valve Outlet Connections.- Cylinder Valve Inlet Connections.- Cylinder Ancillary Equipment Connections.- Bulk Transfer Connections.- References.- 9. Compressed Gas Cylinders: Marking, Labeling, Inspection, Testing, Filling, Disposition.- Precautionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers.- Visual Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders.- External Inspection.- Internal Inspection.- Hydrostatic Testing of Cylinders and Tubes.- Filling Compressed Gas Cylinders.- Disposition of Unserviceable Cylinders with Known Contents.- References.- 10. Cleaning Components, Equipment and Systems for Oxygen Service.- Objectives.- Factors for Selecting a Cleaning Method.- Cleaning Operations.- Cleaning Methods.- Mechanical Cleaning.- Chemical Cleaning.- Inspection Procedures.- Packaging and Labeling.- Personnel Safety.- References.- III. Compressed Gases and Gas Mixtures: Properties, Manufacture, Uses, and Special Requirements for Safe Handling.- Acetylene.- Air.- Ammonia (Anhydrous).- Argon.- Arsine.- Boron Trichloride.- Boron Trifluoride.- 1, 3-Butadiene (Butadiene).- Carbon Dioxide.- Carbon Monoxide.- Carbon Tetrafluoride.- Chlorine.- Diborane.- Dichlorosilane.- Ethane.- Ethylene.- Ethylene Oxide.- Fluorine.- Fluorocarbons.- Helium.- Hydrogen.- Hydrogen Bromide.- Hydrogen Chloride, Anhydrous.- Hydrogen Fluoride.- Hydrogen Sulfide.- Liquefied Petroleum Gases.- Methane.- MAPP® Gas.- Methylamines (Anhydrous).- Methyl Bromide.- Methyl Chloride.- Nitric Oxide.- Nitrogen.- Nitrogen Dioxide.- Nitrogen Trifluoride.- Nitrous Oxide.- Oxygen.- Phosgene.- Phosphine.- Rare Gases: Krypton, Neon, Xenon.- Silane.- Sulfur Dioxide.- Sulfur Hexafluoride.- Vinyl Chloride.- Gas Mixtures.- IV. Appendices.- Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms.- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations.- Appendix 3: State Regulatory Agencies and Codes 603 Appendix 4: Publications of the Compressed Gas Association.