Handbook of Non Invasive Methods and the Skin

This handbook covers the field of noninvasive biophysical methods in clinical and experimental dermatology. It is the result of a coordinated effort by some of the most prominent experts in the field. Structured to provide both educational and practical information, its value to both young researchers and senior scientists is unparalleled. All the major methods systematically cover scope, sources of error, application, and validity. Additional chapters provide research methodology and legal and ethical aspects.

Methodology and Techniques
Noninvasive Methodologies in General
Perspectives on Bioengineering of the Skin, A.M. Kligman
Relevance, Comparison, and Validation of Techniques, G.E. Piérard
Variables and Study Design
Prescription for a Bioengineering Study: Strategy, Standards, and Definitions, J. Serup
The Skin Integument: Variation Relative to Sex, Age, Race, and Body Region, N. Farinelli and E. Berardesca
Seasonal Variations and Environmental Influences on the Skin, C.L. Goh
Technical Variation, Validation, and Statistics
Statistical Analysis of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of a Diagnostic Test, N. Lange and M.A. Weinstock
Sample Size Calculation, C. Bay and S. Møller
Epidermal Structure
Skin Surface Microscopy
Magnifying Lens-Noninvasive Oil Immersion Examination of the Skin, H.I. Katz and J.S. Lindholm
Dermatoscopy, W. Westerhof
Skin Replication for Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, B. Forslind
Skin Surface Contour Evaluation
Stylus Method for Skin Surface Contour Measurement, J. Gassmüller, A. Kecskes, and P. Jahn
Skin Surface Replica Image Analysis of Furrows and Wrinkles, P. Corcuff and J.L. Lévêque
Laser Profilometry, J. Efsen, H.N. Hansen, S. Christiansen, and J. Keiding
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Skin Surface: Micro- and Macro-Relief, J. Mignot
Skin Surface Biopsy and the Follicular Cast, R.P.R. Dawber
Ultrasound Examination of the Epidermis
High-Resolution Ultrasound Examination of the Epidermis, S. el-Gammal, T. Auer, K. Hoffmann, P. Altmeyer, C. Passmann, and H. Ermert
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Epidermis In Vivo
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Examination of the Epidermis In Vivo, B. Querleux
Epidermal Functions
Desquamation
Methods to Determine Desquamation Rate, C. Edwards and R. Marks
Sticky Slides and Tape Techniques to Harvest Stratum Corneum Material, D.L. Miller
Dry Skin and Scaling Evaluated by D-Squames and Image Analysis, H. Schatz, P.J. Altmeyer, and A.M. Kligman
Epidermal Hydration
Measurement of Electrical Conductance and Impedance, H. Tagami
Measurement of Epidermal Capacitance, A.O. Barel and P. Clarys
Epidermal Barrier Functions
Measurement of the Transepidermal Water Loss, J. Pinnagoda and R. Tupker
Comparison of Methods for Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss, A.O. Barel and P. Clarys
Measurement of Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension, H. Takiwaki
Measurement of Transcutaneous PCO2, C.N. Nickelsen
Noninvasive Techniques for Assessment of Skin Penetration and Bioavailability, R.C. Wester and H.I. Maibach
The Skin Surface Microflora and pH
Sampling the Bacteria of the Skin, E.A. Eady
Mapping the Fungi of the Skin, J. Faergemann
Measurement of Skin Surface pH, A. Zlotogorski and S. Dikstein
Structure of the Dermis
Dermatologic Digital Imaging
Overview of Dermatologic Digital Imaging, D.A. Perednia
Ultrasound Examination of the Dermis
High-Frequency Ultrasound Examination of Skin: Introduction and Guide, J. Serup, J. Keiding, A. Fullerton, M. Gniadecka, and R. Gniadecki
Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging and In Vivo Structure Analysis, S. Seidenari
Skin Diseases in High-Frequency Sonography, K. Hoffmann, A. Röchling, M. Stücker, K. Dirting, S. el-Gammal, A. Hoffmann, and P. Altmeyer
Ultrasound of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues at 7.5-10MHz by Low Frequency Ultrasound, B. Fornage
Ultrasound A-Mode Measurement of Skin Thickness, T. Agner
Skin Thickness: Caliper Measurement and Typical Values, A.D. Martin
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Dermis
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Skin, A. Zemtsov
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Examination of Skin Disorders, S. el-Gammal, R. Hartwig, S. Aygen, T. Bauermann, K. Hoffmann, and P. Altmeyer
Function of the Dermis
Mechanical Properties of the Skin
Twistometry Measurement of Skin Elasticity, P.G. Agache
Suction Method: The Dermaflex, M. Gniadecka and J. Serup
Suction Method: The Cutometer, A.O. Barel
Identification of Langer's Lines, J.C. Barbenel
Levarometry, V. Manny-Aframian and S. Dikstein
The Gas-Bearing Electrodynamometer, C.W. Hargens
Ballistometry, C.W. Hargens
The Cutaneous Vasculature
Visualization of Blood Vessels
Dynamic Capillaroscopy-A Sensitive Noninvasive Method for the Diagnosis of Conditions with Pathological Microcirculation, H.S. Yu, C.H. Chang, G.S. Chen, and S.A. Yang
Measurement of Erythema and Skin Color
Spectrophotometric Characterization of Skin Pigments and Skin Color, P. Bjerring
Measurement of Erythema and Melanin Indices, H. Takiwaki and J. Serup
CIE Colorimetry, W. Westerhof
Cutaneous Blood Flow, Vasomotion, and Vascular Functions
Laser Doppler Measurement of Skin Blood Flux: Variation and Validation, A. Bircher
Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Principles of Technology and Clinical Applications, G. Belcaro and A.N. Nicolaides
Examination of Periodic Fluctuations in Cutaneous Blood Flow, R. Gniadecki, M. Gniadecka, and J. Serup
Laser Doppler Imaging of Skin, K. Wårdell and G. Nilsson
The 133Xe Wash-Out Technique for Quantitative Measurement of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Blood Flow Rates, P. Sejrsen
Doppler and Duplex Scanning in Venous Disease, G. Belcaro and A.N. Nicolaides
Photoplethysmography and Light Reflection Reography: Clinical Applications in Venous Insufficiency, G. Belcaro, D. Christopoulos, and A.N. Nicolaides
Strain Gauge Plethysmography, N.A. Lassen and P. Holstein
Air Plethysmography, D. Christopoulos
Skin Temperature and Thermoregulation
Thermal Imaging of Skin Temperature, E.F.J. Ring
Lymph Flow
Evaluation of Lymph Flow, P. Mortimer
Neural Supply
Sensory Function
Assessment of Skin Sensibility, P. Bjerring
Sweat Glands
Sweat Gland Distribution
Techniques for the Localization of Sweat Glands, P. Dykes
Sweat Gland Activity
Methods for the Collection of Eccrine Sweat, J.H. Barth
Methods for the Collection of Apocrine Sweat, J.H. Barth
Sebaceous Glands
Distribution and Follicular Morphology
The Follicular Biopsy, O. Mills
Sebum Excretion
Sebu-Absorbent Tape and Image Analysis, C. Popp, S. el-Gammal, A. Pagnoni, A.M. Kligman
Gravimetric Technique for Measuring Sebum Excretion Rate, W.J. Cunliffe and J.P. Taylor
Hair
Physical Properties of Hair
Hair Color, R.P.R. Dawber
Measurement of the Mechanical Strength of Hair, R.R. Wickett
Hair Growth
Measurement of Hair Growth, J.H. Barth and D.H. Rushton
Microscopy of the Hair-The Trichogram, U. Blume and C.E. Orfanos
Nails
Nail Thickness and Structure
Measurement of Nail Plate Thickness, G. Jemec
Nail Growth
Measurement of Longitudinal Nail Growth, J.S. Roth and R.K. Scher
Clinical Evaluation and Quantification
Clinical Scoring and Grading
Standard Schemes to Assess Skin Diseases, R.A. Logan
Clinical Grading of Experimental Skin Reactions, T. Agner
Evaluation of Lesional Extension
Measurement of Area of Skin Pathologies, S. Sarin
Experimental Test Procedures
Standard Testing of Skin Reactivity
Irritant Patch Test Techniques, P. Frosch and B. Pilz
Allergic Patch Test Techniques, T. Fischer
Type I Allergy Skin Tests, L.J. Petersen
Ultraviolet Radiation Dosimetry, B. L. Diffey
Phototesting: Phototoxicity and Photoallergy, T. Horio
Special Experimental Techniques
Skin Chamber Techniques, B. Zweiman
Skin Microdialysis, L.J. Petersen
Legal and Ethical Aspects of Noninvasive Techniques
Regulatory Aspects
FDA and EC Regulations Related to Skin. Documentation and Measuring Devices, E. Seidenschnur
Ethical Aspects
Ethical Considerations, P. Sohl and G. Jemec
Clinical Aspects
Good Clinical Practice, E. Hvidberg