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FOREWORD by Bernard Cohen PART ONE THE THIRD CENTURY I. THE ALEXANDRIAN RENAISSANCE THE DISITNEGRATION OF ALEXANDERS EMPIRE IRANIAN AND INDIAN INFLUENCES IN THE HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS MILINDAPANHA SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE EXCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC IDEAS PTOLEMAIC EGYPT "ALEXANDRIA NEAR EGYPT" THE HARBORS OF ALEXANDRIA AND THE LIGHTHOUSE THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD II. THE MUSEUM FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM PTOLEMAIOS I SOTER AND PTOLEMAIOS II PHILADELPHOS Demetrios of Phaleron Straton of Lampsacos LATER HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM III. EUCLID OF ALEXANDRIA EUCLID'S LIFE AND WORK The Elements Postulates NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRIES Algebra Irrational quantities Theory of numbers THE EUCLIDEAN TRADITION BIBLIOGRAPHY IV. ASTRONOMY. ARISTARCHOS AND ARATOS ARISTYLLOS AND TIMOCHARIS ARISTARCHOS OF SAMOS The Aristarchian tradition ARATOS OF SOLOI THE ARATIAN TRADITION V. ARCHIMEDES AND APOLLONIOS ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE Geometry Arithmetic Mechanics THE ARCHIMEDEAN TRADITION CONON OF SAMOS APOLLONIOS OF PERGE THE APOLLONIAN TRADITION VI. GEOGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY IN THE THIRD CENTURY ERATOSTHENES OF CYRENE ERATOSTHENES OF CYRENE PRE-ERATOSTHENIAN GEOGRAPHY ERATOSTHENES GEOGRAPHIC WORKS THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EARTH ASTRONOMY MATHEMATICS PHILOLOGY THE ERATOSTHENIAN TRADITION NOTE ON THE OLYMPIADS THE MARMOR PARIUM VII. PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE THIRD CENTURY EUCLID ARCHIMEDES ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC WORKS IN THE GREEK EAST THE GREAT SHIPS ENGINEERING AND PUBLIC WORKS IN THE ROMAN EAST VIII. ANATOMY IN THE THIRD CENTURY HEROPHILOS OF CHALEDON ERASISTRATOS OF IULIS VIVISECTION EUDEMOS OF ALEXANDRIA IX. MEDICINE IN THE THIRD CENTURY APOLLONIOS OF ALEXANDRIA AND NICANROS OF COLOPHO PHILIONOS OF COS "ANDREAS, DISCIPLE OF HEROPHILOS" ARCHAGATHOS OF ROME X. THE LIBRARY ACIENT LIBRARIES THE LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA Librarians of Alexandria Growth of the Library Rolls of papyrus Size of the Library ZENODOTOS OF EPHESOS CALLIMACHOS OF CYRENE APOLLONIOS OF RHODOS ERATOSTHENES OF CYRENE ARISTOPHANES OF BYZANTION ARISTARCHOS OF SAMOTHRACE LATER HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY XI. PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION IN THE THIRD CENTURY THE ACADEMY SCHOOLS OF MEGARA AND CYRENE THE LYCEUM THE PORCH THE GARDEN CYNICS AND SKEPTICS ROYAL PATRONS STOICISM TYCHE ASTROLOGY ORIENTAL RELIGIONS ISRAEL XII. KNOWLEDGE OF THE PAST IN THE THIRD CENTURY THE EARLY HISTORIANS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE ALEXANDER ROMANCE OTHER GREEK HISTORIANS Crateros the Younger Philochoros of Athens Hieronynos of Cardia Menippos of Gadara THE EARLIEST ROMAN HISTORIANS Q. FABIUS PICTOR AND L. CINCUS ALIMENTUS XIII. "LANGUAGE, ARTS, AND LETTERS" THE EARLY GROWTH OF GREEK PHILOLOGY MENADROS OF ATHENS A FEW MINOR POETS APOLLONIOS OF RHODOS THEOCRITOS OF SYRACUSE SCULPTURE Lysipos of Sicyon Chares of Lindos Antigonos of Carystos "Victory of Samothrace" "The "Lady of Elche" Tanagra statuettes PAINTING APELLES OF COLOPHON SPHRAGISTICS PYRGOTELES XIV. ORIENTALISM INDIA Nearchos and Megasthenes Asoka and Buddhist expansion Short bibliography EGYPT   Manethon The calendar of Sais BABYLONIA BEROSSOS PHOENICIA ISRAEL PART TWO THE LAST TWO CENTURIES XV. THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND THE HELLENISTIC WORLD THE GROWTH OF ROME CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS ROMAN LIBRARIES ARCHIVES AND CACTA DIURNA XVI. RELIGION IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES GREEK RELIGION HEBREW WRITINGS THE OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS THE ESSENES JEWS VS. GREEKS Legend that Greek wisdom was derived from Hebrew sources NATIONAL CULTS XVII. "PHILOSOPHY IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES. POSEIDONIOS, CICERO, AND LUCRETIUS" ATHENIAN SCHOOLS THE GROWTH OF STOICISM PANAITIOS OF RHODOS POSEIDONIOS OF APAMELA CICERO LUCRETIUS The Lucretian tradition FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE XVIII. MATHEMATICS IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES HYPSICLES Polybios Hipparchos of Nicaia Artemidoros of Ephesos Eudoxos of Cyzios Poseidonios of Apameia Strabon of Amaseia Isidoros of Charax LATIN GEOGRAPHY Julius Casear M. V. Agrippa King Juba II Hyginus XXIV. KNOWLEDGE OF THE PAST IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES THE GREEK HISTORIANS Polybios The other Greek historians Polemon of Troas and Agatharchides of Cnidos Apollonios of Athens Poseidonios Castor of Rhodos Diodoros of Sicily Nicolaos of Damascus Dionysios of Halicarnassos Strabon of Amaseia Juba II of Numidia THE LATIN HISTORIANS Ennius Cato the Censor Caesar Varro Sallust Livy XXV. LITERATURE GREEK LETTERS Meleagros of Gadra Philodemos of Gadara Archias of Antioch Parthenios of Nicaia Lesser prose writers LATIN LETTERS Livius Andronicus and Naevius Ennius Plautus and Terentius Cato the Censor Scipio Aemilianus and C. Lucilius Catullus Cicero Caesar M. T. Varro Sallust Livy THE LATIN POETS OF THE AUGUSTAN AGE Maecenas Virgil Horace Tibullus and Propertius Ovid XXVI. PHILOLOGY IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES GREEK PHILOLOGY LATIN PHILOLOGY XXVII. ART IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES "HELLENISTIC SCULPTURE IN GREECE, EGYPT, AND ASIA" HELLENISTIC SCULPTURE IN ROME ROMAN SCULPTURE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PAINTING ENGRAVED GEMS XXVIII. ORIENTALISM IN THE LAST TWO CENTURIES BORDERLANDS: THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE AND THE RED SEA Trade with India and China Polybios Ptolemaios V Epiphanes; the Rosetta Stone Mithridates VI the Great THE END OF THE FIRST CENTURY XXIX. CONCLUSION GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX