High Speed Photography

The combination of color schlieren with high speed flash techniques has proved to be a valuable tool for investigating high speed transient events. Fully two dimensional refractive index information can be ob­ tained. The resolution on 35 mm film was sharp enough to allow 50 cm by 75 cm color enlargements. REFERENCES 1. Barnes, N.F., Jour. of the SMPTE, Oct. 1953, Vol. 61,487-511. 2. Cords, P.R., S.P.I.E. Jour., February-March 1968, Vol. 6. 3. North, R.J., NPL/Aero/266, 1954. 4. Settles, G.S., Image Technology, June-July 1972. 5. Smith, L.L., and J.R. Waddell, 9th Congress of Righ Speed Photogra­ phy, Denver, Colo., August 1970, Paper 86. 6. Stong, C.L., and G.S. Settles, Scientific American, May 1971, Vol. 225, No.5. 7. Stong, C.L., and Vandiver, J.K., Scientific American, August 1974, Vol. 231, No.2. ,105 DISCUSSION MY' R J North, (UK): Pould the author care to comment on possible ambiguities of interpretation due to the omnidirectional sensitivity of the colour filter system used? I notice that in two of his pic­ tures density gradients in directions at right angles are shown by the same colour transitions. MY' J Kim Vandiver: The photographs presented were not composed to yield accurate determination of the direction of density gradients.

Invited Paper I.- Opening Address.- Speech of Welcome.- Picosecond pulse measurement and its scientific applications.- Invited Paper II.- Picosecond image converter diagnostics.- Invited Paper III.- New laser high-speed measurement techniques in aerodynamics (in German).- Invited Paper IV.- A review of the current state of the art.- Session A1 - High-Speed and Ultra High-Speed Cameras.- Triggered rotating mirror camera.- Objective-technique: a method of observing very fast events in paraxial direction to the objective (in German).- Fast electrodynamic shutter system for a six-frame camera.- Lenticular camera for high-speed stereoscopic photography.- Session B6 - High-Speed Cameras.- A high-speed mechanical shutter driven by a gas motor.- Stereoscopic strobing of two high-speed cameras.- Image distortions arising in high-speed photography (in German).- Sessions A2 and A3 - Electro-Optical Cameras and Shutters.- The LLL compact, 10-psec streak camera - 1974 update.- Synchroscan - a technique for the photography of repetitive picosecond pulses.- The Photochron II streak camera.- Picosecond chronography at X-ray wavelengths.- Image converters for ultra-high-speed photography.- The design of a new electron optics for a picosecond streak camera.- Very high gain image tube operated in the streak mode (in French).- Application of ultra-fast high-resolution gated-image intensifiers to laser fusion studies.- Pockels cell shutter operating in the 100 picosecond range - applications to ultra high-speed interferometry.- Ultra high-speed framing photographs of laser produced plasmas using a picosecond optical shutter.- The microchannel plates: a survey of the possibilities of channel multiplier arrays in nano and picosecond detection and imaging.- Session A4 - Electro-Optical Cameras and Shutters.- Improvement of the performances of high-speed cinematography through the use of a proximity focusing microchannel image intensifier.- A high-aperture, high-gain system for fast recording under low light level conditions.- A high-speed video recording system with immediate slow-motion and stop-action replay.- Studies of different recording systems associated with a pico second streak camera.- Sessions B9 and B10 - Electro-Optical Cameras.- Ultra fast x-ray streak camera.- Lupentechnik - increase in resolution of optical set ups using image converter cameras.- The determination of shuttering efficiency of gated image tubes.- The determination of the properties of an underwater electrical discharge using high-speed photography.- The application of image converter cameras to the investigation of industrial processes.- A universal image converter recorder of LVE-2 type.- Photometric measurements with an image converter streak camera.- A wide-range image-converter streak camera for quantum electronics.- Sessions A5, A6 and A7 - Holography and Interferometry.- Interferometric measurement of three-dimensional dynamic stress distribution in plates (In German).- Time-resolved spectroscopy.- Optical and laser-interferometric investigations of an electron beam controlled CO2 laser (in German).- Use of holographic interferometry for quantitative investigations of the deformation of the surface of a material impacted by a projectile (in French).- Particle velocity measurements via high-speed holography (in French).- Three-dimensional visualisation by high-speed holography of the wake of a projectile launched at Mach 2 (in French).- High-speed holography of vibrating objects and rapid events.- Holography of high-speed events using a train of mode-locked pulses.- Observational techniques related to differential interferometry.- Microholography: interferometric investigation of deformations of the eardrum of guinea pigs undergoing transient sound effects (In French).- A special interference hologram camera for quick vibration analysis of drive units and car bodies.- Shadow and interferometer investigations of low density gas flow by means of reconstructing a light wave front from a hologram.- Session B11 - Holography and Analysis.- Holographic cine interferometry of high-speed events.- Investigations of stress waves in solids and fluid-solid systems with a real-time shadow optic method and digital electronic evaluation (In German).- Recording of time and other data on film in high-speed instrumentation cameras.- Universal high-speed ‘waiting’ type camera BC?K4.- Session A8 - Laser and Plasma Sources.- A multiple spark system incorporating fibre optics and an electronic timer for projectile photography.- Coherence effects on holographic interferonstry.- Spark light sources.- Session A11 - Continuous, Flash and X-Ray Sources.- Design of high voltage high frame rate cine flash radiography system.- A flash tube for ultraviolet with less than 20 nanosecond rise time.- Xenon flash lamps of the bulb type.- Chronolite 3 - a confocal multiflash.- Sessions A9 and A10 - Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Microscopy, Steroescopy and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.- Recording of schlieren pictures for flow visualization in rotating machines.- Schlieren and interferonmetric studies of T.E.A. CO2 laser produced plasmas.- High-speed photography of particle tracers behind non-planar shocks.- A millisecond scanning spectrograph for arc investigations.- Color schlieren photography of short duration transient events.- Session A12 - Data Reduction and Image Analysis.- Instrumentation and techniques for a direct computer-aided analysis of drop and particle systems.- Numerical determination of the mass attenuation coefficient of an object from a series of flash X-ray photographs (in French).- Image recording and processing system in the field of electronic high-speed cinematography.- Semi automatic evaluation of locomotion variables from films obtained by high-speed cinematography.- Rapid access in high-speed photography.- Sessions A13, A14, A15, A16 and B12 - Applications.- The application of high-speed photographic techniques at the Rotherham works of the British Steel Corporation.- Ultrafast streak and framing technique for the observation of laser driven shock waves in transparent solid targets.- High-speed photography of liquid jets.- Application of high-speed photography to explosives research.- The fracture of glass by impact.- Transient stress wave visualisation by holographic interferometry.- High-speed photographic techniques for small-scale explosive and ballistic studies.- Study of welding arcs using high-speed photographic and optical techniques.- Application of holographic interferometry methods to investigation of the flow in a shock tube reflection nozzle.- Study of shockwave-induced deformation in a metal bar by high-speed interferometry.- Application of scattering holographic interferometers in the aeroballistic experiment.- Investigation of electric discharge between electrodes using high-speed photography.- A simple camera-system for silhouette photography of projectiles in flight under daylight conditions.- High-speed photographic and holographic studies of burning fuel oil droplets in atomised sprays.- About the production of shock waves by a dielectric spark discharge in liquids.- Onset of flame oscillations and their suppression by electric fields.- Session B7 - Visualization Techniques.- Devices and methods of interferometry in ballistics.- Luminous subjects photographed with auxiliary light.- Schlieren photography of metallic diaphragm rupturing and shock formation processes.- Quantitative schlieren measurements of boundary layer phenomena.- Precision measurements using high-speed photographic techniques.- Sessions B13 and B14 - Late Papers.- Correlation of optical diagnostic techniques on exploding wire plasmas.- High-speed image converter X-ray studies.- Picosecond X-ray streak camera studies.- A high-speed schlieren study of laser-induced flame propagation in the presence of applied electric fields.- Laser pulse diagnosis with a high-speed streak camera (In French).- Cinematography of fireball dynamics.- Sessions B4 and B5 - Terminology.- Photonics: The profile of a new discipline.- On new elaborations in international terminology of high-speed photography and cinematography.- Dictionary of high-speed cinematography (in French).- Papers supplied by authors but not presented at the Congress.- On the measurement accuracy in the study of high-speed events with large information entropy.- The concentration of the flash tube radiation for the high-speed photography of weakly reflecting objects.- Kinematics of a sugar-beet topping mechanism.- High-speed photography of a ‘switch-on’ collisionless shock wave.- Manyframe high-speed schlieren photography of shock waves in a ruby laser beam.- Laser techniques in non-destructive testing (in German).- Development of a dye laser for lighting in ultra rapid cinematography (in French).- Author Index.