Human Evolution Source Book

For Junior, Senior, and Graduate courses in Human Evolution taught in anthropology and biology departments.

This book is the most comprehensive collection of cutting edge articles on human evolution. Designed for use by students in anthropology, paleontology, and evolutionary biology, this edited volume brings together the major ideas and publications on human evolution of the past three decades. The book spans the entire scope of human evolution with particular emphasis on the fossil record, including archaeological studies.

Part I           Geological Background to Human Evolution   1
1  Stratigraphy Explained   3
F. H. Brown and J. A. Van Couvering
2  Cyclostratigraphy   6
J. A. Van Couvering
3  Geochronometry:  Measurement of Geologic Time   12
F. H. Brown
4  Radiocarbon Dating   14
H. P. Schwarcz
5  Potassium-Argon Dating   16
F. H. Brown
6  Electron Spin Resonance Dating, Fission-Track Dating, Thermoluminescence
 Dating, and Uranium-Series Dating   19
H. P. Schwarcz
7  Paleomagnetism and Human Evolution   24
F. H. Brown
8  Taphonomy in Human Evolution   27
A. Hill
Part II           The Earliest Hominids: Biomolecular and Morphological Evidence   31
9  African Apes as Time Machines  33
R. Wrangham and D. Pilbeam
10  Molecular Anthropology and the Molecular Clock   38
J. Marks
11  Human and Ape Molecular Clocks and Constraints on Paleontological Hypotheses   41
R. L. Stauffer, A. Walker, O. A. Ryder, M. Lyons-Weiler, and S. Blair Hedges
12  Ardipithecusramidus, a Root Species for Australopithecus   48
T. White, B. Asfaw, and G. Suwa
13  First Hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)   53
B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi, and Y. Coppens
14  Late Miocene Hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia   58
Y. Haile-Selassie
15  A New Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa
M. Brunet, F. Guy, D. Pilbeam, H. Taisso Mackaye, A. Likius, D. Ahounta, A. Beauvilain, C. Blondel, H. Bocherens, J.-R. Boisserie, L. De Bonis, Y. Coppens, J. Dejax, C. Denys, P. Duringer, V.       Eisenmann, G. Fanone, P. Fronty, D. Geraads, T. Lehmann, F. Lihoreau, A. Louchart, A. Mahamat, G. Merceron, G. Mouchelin, O. Otero, P. Pelaez Campomanes, M. Ponce de Leon, J.-C. Rage, M. Sapanet, M. Schuster, J. Sudre, P. Tassy, X. Valentin, P. Vignaud, L. Viriot, A.       Zazzo, and C. Zollikofer
Part III          Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Relatives   73
16  The Australopithecines in Review   76
L. C. Aiello and P. Andrews
17  The New Hominid Species Australopithecus anamensis   90
C. Ward, M. Leakey, and A. Walker
18  New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages   98
M. G. Leakey, F. Spoor, F. H. Brown, P. Gathogo, C. Kiarie, L. N. Leakey, and I. McDougall
19  Tempo and Mode in Human Evolution   108
H. M. McHenry
20  Inferring Hominoid and Early Hominid Phylogeny Using Craniodental Characters: The Role of       Fossil Taxa   115
D. S. Strait and  F. E. Grine
21  Evolution of Human Walking   149
C. O. Lovejoy
22  Climbing to the Top:  A Personal Memoir of Australopithecus afarensis   157
J. T. Stern, Jr.
23  Early Hominid Brain Evolution:  A New Look at Old Endocasts   176
D. Falk, J. C. Redmond, Jr., J. Guyer, G. C. Conroy, W. Recheis, G. W. Weber, and H. Seidler
24  Diet and the Evolution of the Earliest Human Ancestors   189
M. F. Teaford and P. S. Ungar
25  Early Hominid Evolution and Ecological Change through the African Plio-Pleistocene   197
K. E. Reed
Part IV          Origin of the Genus Homo and Early Evolution in Africa   219
26  The History of the Genus Homo   222
B. A. Wood
27  Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member),
      Ethiopia   228
W. H. Kimbel, R. C. Walter, D. C. Johanson, K. E. Reed, J. L. Aronson, Z. Assefa, C. W.       Marean, G. G. Eck, R. Bobe, E. Hovers, Y. Rak, C. Vondra, T. Yemane, D. York, Y. Chen, N. M.       Evensen, and P. E. Smith
28  Late Pliocene Homo and Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania   235
R. J. Blumenschine, C. R. Peters, F. T. Masao, R. J. Clarke, A. L. Deino, R. L. Hay, C. C.       Swisher, I. G. Stanistreet, G. M. Ashley, L. J. McHenry, N. E. Sikes, N. J. van der Merwe, J. C.       Tactikos, A. E. Cushing, D. M. Deocampo, J. K. Njau, and J. I. Ebert
29  Australopithecus garhi:  A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia   243
B. Asfaw, T. White, O. Lovejoy, B. Latimer, S. Simpson, and G. Suwa
30  Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids   251
J. de Heinzelin, J. D. Clark, T. White, W. Hart, P. Renne, G. WoldeGabriel, Y. Beyene, and E.   Vrba
31  The World’s Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia:  Their Implications for Understanding
      Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution between 2.6-1.5 Million Years Ago   256
S. Semaw
32  Perspectives on the Nariokotome Discovery   271
A. Walker
33  Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia   285
B. Asfaw, W. H. Gilbert, Y. Beyene, W. K. Hart, P. R. Renne, G. WoldeGabriel, E. S. Vrba, and T. D. White
Part V          Evolution and Dispersal of Homo erectus   293
34  The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo   293
R. Larick and R. L. Ciochon
35  Dmanisi and Dispersal   310
L. Gabunia, S. C. Antón, D. Lordkipanidze, A. Vekua, A. Justus, and C. Swisher III
36  A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia   321
A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, R. Ferring, G. Maisuradze, A.       Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Tappen, M. Tvalchrelidze, and C.       Zollikofer
37  Venta Micena, Barranco León-5 and Fuentenueva-3:  Three Archaeological Sites in the Early
      Pleistocene Deposits of Orce, South-East Spain   327
J. Gibert, L. Gibert, C. Ferràndez-Canyadell, A. Iglesias, and F. González
38  New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia 
336
R. X. Zhu, R. Potts, F. Xle, K. A. Hoffman, C. L. Deng, C. D. Shi, Y. X. Pan, H. Q. Wang, R. P. Shi, Y. C. Wang, G. H. Shi, and N. Q. Wu
39  Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-Like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China   340
Y. Hou, R. Potts, B. Yuan, Z. Guo, A. Deino, W. Wang, J. Clark, G. Xie, and W. Huang
40  Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China   345
S. Weiner, Q. Xu, P. Goldberg, J. Liu, and O. Bar-Yosef
41  Homo erectus and the Emergence of Sunda in the Tethys Realm:  Contributions of Potassium-
      Based Chronology in the Sangiran Dome, Central Java   348
R. Larick, R. L. Ciochon, and Y. Zaim
42   Homo erectus Calvarium from the Pleistocene of Java   357
H. Baba, F. Aziz, Y. Kaifu, G. Suwa, R. T. Kono, and T. Jacob
43  Latest Homo erectus of Java:  Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia
      363
C. C. Swisher III, W. J. Rink, S. C. Anton, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, and       Widiasmoro
44  A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia   368
P. Brown, T. Sutikna, M. J. Morwood, R. P. Soejono, Jatmiko, E. Wayhu Saptomo, and Rokus Awe Due
45  Grandmothering and the Evolution of Homo erectus   376
J. F. O’Connell, K. Hawkes, and N. G. Blurton Jones
Part VI          Middle Pleistocene Hominids in Africa, Europe, and Asia   393
46  Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:  The Role of Homo heidelbergensis   396
G. P. Rightmire
47. The Atapuerca Sites and Their Contributions to the Knowledge of Human Evolution in Europe    
       405
J. M. Bermúdez de Castro, M. Martinón-Torres, E. Carbonell, S. Sarmiento, A. Rosas, J. van       der Made, and M. Lozano
48  A Cranium for the Earliest Europeans:  Phylogenetic Position of the Hominid from Ceprano,
      Italy   421
G. Manzi, F. Mallegni, and A. Ascenzi
49  The KNM-ER 3884 Hominid and the Emergence of Modern Anatomy in Africa   428
G. Bräuer
50  Dali, a Skull of Archaic Homo sapiens from China   432
X. Wu and F. E. Poirier
51  Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo435
C. B. Ruff, E. Trinkaus, and T. W. Holliday
52  Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Weapons from Schöningen, Germany–The Oldest Spears in the
      World   440
H. Thieme
Part VII          The Neandertals   447
53  Climatic Changes, Paleogeography, and the Evolution of the Neandertals
J.-J. Hublin
54  The Accretion Model of Neandertal Evolution
J. D. Hawks and M. H. Wolpoff
55  Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans
M. Krings, A. Stone, R. W. Schmitz, H. Krainitzki, M. Stoneking, and S. Pääbo
56  Cold Adaptation, Heterochrony, and Neandertals
S. E. Churchill
57  Neandertal Cranial Ontogeny and Its Implications for Late Hominid Diversity
M. S. Ponce de León and C. P. E. Zollikofer
58  Neandertal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France
A. Defleur, T. White, P. Valensi, L. Slimak, and É. Crégut-Bonnoure
Part VIII          Origin of Modern Humans
59  Modern Human Origins:  Progress and Prospects
C. B. Stringer
60  A Reconsideration of the Omo-Kibish Remains and the erectus-sapiens Transition
M. H. Day and C. B. Stringer
61  Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia
T. D. White, B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F. C. Howell
62  Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins
M. M. Lahr and R. Foley
63  Models, Predictions, and the Fossil Record of Modern Human Origins
J. H. Relethford
64  Fully Modern Humans
R. G. Klein
65  The Big Deal about Blades:  Laminar Technologies and Human Evolution
O. Bar-Yosef and S. L. Kuhn
66  A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire
J. E. Yellen, A. S. Brooks, E. Cornelissen, M. J. Mehlman, and K. Stewart
67  Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa
C. S. Henshilwood, F. d’Errico, R. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, G. A. T. Duller, N. Mercier, J.       C. Sealy, H. Valladas, I. Watts, and A. G. Wintle
Part IX          Evolution of Homo sapiens
68  Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins
M. H. Wolpoff, J. Hawks, and R. Caspari
69  Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries:  A Test of the Replacement Theory
M. H. Wolpoff, J. Hawks, D. W. Frayer, and K. Hunley
70  Origins of Modern Humans Still Look Recent
T. R. Disotell
71  Out of Africa Again and Again
A. R. Templeton
72  Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens
S. B. Carroll
73  Human Colonization of the Americas:  Timing, Technology and Process
E. J. Dixon
74  Human Races:  A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective
A. R. Templeton
75  On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution and the Emergence of Culture
      R. Foley and M. M. Lahr