Human Lactation 3: The Effects of Milk on the Recipient Infant

Four years ago the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) brought together a group of scientists to Belmont, Maryland to examine the status of human milk banking. During those deliberations, the idea was generated to organize a series of research conferences concerning human lactation and the composition and biological effects of human milk. The first one, organized by Robert G. Jensen from the University of Connecticut and Margaret C. Neville from the University of Colorado, dealt with methodologic issues. An additional meeting to explore the effects of maternal and environmental factors upon human lactation and the composition of human milk was organized by Margit Hamosh from Georgetown University and me, and was held in January, 1986 in Oaxaca, Mexico. Those meetings provided the foundation for the design of the present conference, 'The Effects of Human Milk Upon the Recipient Infant'. In addition to a grant from the NICHD, the conference was generously supported by Milupa AG from the Federal Republic of Germany; Wyeth Limited and Mead Johnson of Canada; and Ross Laboratories, Heinz USA, the Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, Wyeth International Limited, Gerber Products Company, the La Leche League International, Glaxo Incorporated and Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corporation from the United States.

to the International Conference: The Effects of Human Milk upon the Recipient Infant.- Section I Nutrient Utilization-Growth.- Nutrient Utilization and Growth in LBW Infants.- Nutrient Utilization in Term Infants.- Does Nutrition in Early Life Have Long Term Metabolic Effects? Can Animal Models Be Used to Predict These Effects in the Human?.- Nutrient Utilization: Summary of Workshop.- Trace Element Binding Ligands in Human Milk: Function in Trace Element Utilization.- Calcium and Phosphorus Balance in Preterm Infants Fed Human Milk or Human Human Milk Supplemented with Vitamin D and Minerals.- Selenium Nutrition During Lactation and Early Infancy.- Manganese Utilization in Breast-fed and Formula-fed Infants.- Folate and Human Milk.- Body Composition and Growth: Summary of Workshop.- Growth of the Breast-fed Infant.- Is Maternal Milk Production Limiting For Infant Growth During the First Year of Life in Breast-Fed Infants?.- Energy Balance and the Nature of Growth in Low Birthweight Infants.- The Effect of Protein Intake on Composition of Weight Gain in Preterm Infants.- Cholesterol in Human Milk.- Gastric Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Utilization in Preterm Infants.- Utilization of Fatty Acids by the Newborn Infant.- Carnitine in Relation to Feeding Infants.- Section II Growth Factors, Hormones and Inducers.- Hormones in Milk: Their Presence and Possible Physiological Significance.- Summary of Workshop: Growth Factors, Hormones and Inducers.- Intestinal Absorption of Epidermal Growth Factor in Newborn Lambs.- Effects of Human Milk Growth Factor on Gastric and Duodenal Mucus Formation.- ?-casomorphins: Do They Have Physiological Significance?.- Production of Growth Factors by Normal Human Mammary Cells in Culture.- Section III Host Resistance.- Summary of Workshop: Host Resistance.- The Effect of Feeding Human Milk on the Development of Immunity in Low Birth Weight Infants.- Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion and Toxin Binding by Glycoconjugate and Oligosaccharide Receptor Analogues in Human Milk.- Transfer of Tuberculin Immunity from Mother to Infant.- Prevention of Atopic Disease: Environmental Engineering Utilizing Antenatal Antigen Avoidance and Breast Feeding.- Section IV Potentially Harmful Effects.- Summary of Workshop: Potentially Harmful Effects of Human Milk Upon the Recipient Infant.- Viral Contamination of Milk.- Transfer of Maternal Food Proteins in Milk.- Potentially Toxic Effects of Drugs and Toxins in Human Breast Milk.- Vitamin K Deficiency in Breastfed Infants.- Trans-fatty Acids in Human Milk and Infant Plasma and Tissue.- Section V Epidemiology.- Report of the Epidemiology Workshop: Introduction.- Breast Feeding and Child Health: Methodologic Issues in Epidemiologic Research.- Report of the Epidemiologic Workshop: Workshop Notes.- Report of Epidemiology Workshop: Recommendations Regarding Future Research Concerning the Effects of Human Milk Upon Infant Recipients.- Section VI Poster Session.- Pregastric Lipase Triggers Fat Digestion.- The Source of “Lost Calories” from Fortified Breast Milk.- Glycoproteins of the Human Milk Fat Globule Membrane: Ultrastructure and Relation to Fat Absorption.- Comparison of the Deuterium Dilution and Test-Weighing Techniques for the Determination of Human Milk Intake.- Infant Self-Regulation of Breast Milk Intake.- X-Ray Structural Studies of Lactoferrin.- Whey Proteins in Feces of Preterm Infants Receiving Preterm Human Milk and Infant Formula.- Fortified Human Milk for Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Correction of Mineral Inadequacies.- Relationships Among Maternal Size and Carcass Composition, Lactational Performance, and Growth and Composition of the Young: Comparisons Across Varying Degrees of Chronic Malnutrition.- Human ?-casomorphins-8 Immunoreactive Material in the Plasma of Women During Pregnancy and After Delivery.- Effect of Breast Milk Ingestion Upon the Thyroxinemia of Suckling Rat Pups.- Motility of Human Milk Leukocytes in Collagen Gels.- Isolation of Lymphocyte Activating Factors from Human Milk.- Participants.- Contributors.