Infant Welfare (Routledge Revivals)

Infant Welfare: For The Student & Practitioner was published in 1926, at a time that saw the development of the new Infant Welfare centres, which began to appear in the UK in the late 19th century. The book sets out the ways in which The Mother & Child Welfare Act (1918) envisaged local authorities developing ways to improve outcomes for both mothers and young children. Infant Welfare also provides invaluable practical detail concerning the requirements of the new Welfare centres. The aims of the centres were the maintenance of health in infants & young children, the education of mothers, treatment of minor ailments and the early detection of disease. Chodak-Gregory emphasizes the preventative nature of the work, with nurses and health visitors gaining a knowledge of the specific living conditions of individual families. She also stresses the importance of air and sunlight in a child’s life, in line with the Open-Air Schools movement, which had also taken off in the early twentieth century. The centres were, for the first time, giving mothers the time and space to voice their concerns.

Infant Welfare discusses the need for positive doctor-patient and doctor-nurse relationships in order to achieve the best outcomes for mothers and children. The author’s views on the doctor’s workload resonate just as much today with NHS staff under enormous pressure as when the book was originally published. Fathers are absent in this book, as if they have no role in childcare, and it is the mothers who are addressed, at times in an overly prescriptive voice, reflective of the class divide at the time, but Chodak-Gregory also recognises the immense difficulties working-class women faced.

Infant Welfare reflects the growing significance of women’s contribution to medicine and to wider society. There has been much written on infant welfare & working-class maternity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the past few decades. Chodak-Gregory’s Infant Welfare is an important document by a pioneering female doctor. It bears witness to the commitment of the doctors, nurses and voluntary workers involved and to the working-class women, who attended the Infant Welfare centres, bringing the materiality of their lives into close focus.

Now available again in print and for the first time as an ebook, this reissue contains a substantial new biographical introduction by Dr. Gill Gregory as well as a new preface by Dr. Anthony Hulse, President, British Society for the History of Paediatrics and Child Health.

Dr. Hazel Chodak-Gregory was only the second woman to be elected a Fellow of The Royal College of Physicians by her male peers in 1934, at a time when resistance to women entering the medical profession was still deeply entrenched. Her career followed the pioneering achievements of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who co-founded the London School of Medicine for Women (where Chodak-Gregory trained) in 1874, and of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to qualify in medicine in the United States, along with many others. Having qualified in medicine in 1911 Chodak-Gregory was the only woman of her generation to remain in post after marrying in 1916 and having a child in 1920. Her career at the Royal Free Hospital, London, including her deanship of an Emergency Hospital during World War Two, spanned thirty years of continuous service.

Dr. Gill Gregory is a poet, literary critic and biographer. She is also the granddaughter of Hazel Chodak-Gregory and her Introduction locates her grandmother’s work in the culturally rich context of 1920s Bloomsbury, where she lived with her husband, Dr Alexis Chodak-Gregory – a Russian-Jewish migrant from Tashkent, who pioneered osteopathy before its time – and her son, Dr Basil Gregory, who would pioneer group psychoanalytic therapy as the first director of the Paddington Day Hospital (St Mary’s) in the 1960s.