Inner-Shell and X-Ray Physics of Atoms and Solids

A wide range of atomic and solid state phenomena is studied today by means of x-ray excitation or inner-shell ionization, as this volume strikingly illustrates. The strong link between these two fields of investigation is partly the result of the extensive developments within each and also largely due to the broad variety of theoretical and experimental techniques now available. All im­ portant recent advances are to be found highlighted here; most are substantially reviewed. Two dominant research threads are evident in, the chapters of this book. While clearly distinguishable, they are inescapably en­ twined. One is concerned with x-ray processes as probes for the study of solid-state effects, the other with the measurement and interpretation of inner-shell and bremsstrahlung processes in iso­ lated systems. In the first, a given material is made the target in an x-ray tube; in the second, free atoms form the target while a solid material can be used when the effect of the solid environ­ ment on the excitation processes is negligible. Thus, although inner-shell ionization is predominantly concerned with atoms and x-ray processes with the solid state, there are large regions of overlap which have arisen when a given research technique has de­ veloped from studies in both areas. To bring out these features we have arranged the chapters in the order: atomic, solid-state, chemical.

Particle-Photon Coincidences and Ion-Impact Studies in Inner-Shell Excitation.- Inner-Shell Excitation Investigation by Particle-Photon Coincidences.- K-Shell Ionization by Light Ions: Comparison Between Published Cross Sections and Theories.- K-Shell Ionization Cross-Sections by Low-Energy Charged Particles.- Coulomb Retardation and Energy-Loss Effects in Ion-Induced K-Shell Ionization.- L-Shell Ionization of Gold by Heavy-Ion Impact.- Three-Component Model Analysis of C1 Projectile Hypersatellite K X-Ray Intensities vs C Foil Thickness.- An Analytical Expression for the Energy Differential PWBA K-Shell Ionization Cross Section.- A Simple Manner to Take into Account the Correct Limits of Integration in PWBA.- A Closed Formula for Low Velocity K-Shell Ionization Cross Section and the Universal Function in PWBA.- Heavy-Ion Impact Inner-Shell Excitation.- Inner-Shell Excitation in Very-Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions.- Cross Section for L-Shell Excitation in 6–40keV Ar+-SiH4 Collisions.- K-Shell Excitation Mechanism in Close Impact Parameter Collisions Between Ni Ions and Ni, Zr, Ag, Te and Au Targets.- X-Ray Production Cross Section for a Thin Solid Be-Target with Light Ions.- Outer Shell Projectile Ionization in Very Fast Heavy Ion Collisions.- Angular Correlation in Inner-Shell Processes.- Angular Correlation in Inner-Shell Processes.- Influence of Coulomb Deflection on L3-Subshell Alignment.- Measurements of the Angular Distribution of K-Shell Photoelectrons at Photon Energies of 1384 and 6756KeV for Z=92.- Particle-Impact Resonant and Auger Effects.- Relativity: X-Ray and Auger Transitions.- Autoionization of Helium Induced by Heavy Ion Impact.- Recent Results on Radiative Electron Capture.- Heavy-Ion Collisions and Multiple Ionization.- Molecular Orbital X-Ray Emission in Heavy Ion Collisions.- Multiple Ionization and Excitation Processes in Single Ion-Atom Collisions.- Selective Electron Capture into Highly Charged Ions Studied by X-Rays and Auger Electrons.- Charge States of Ne and Ar Ions Scattered to Large Angles by Ar Atoms for Collision Energies up to 3.0 MeV.- Krypton K?/K? Intensity Ratios for 6 MEV/AMU Ion Bombardment.- K?/K? Intensity Ratio of Si Induced by Proton Bombardment.- Fine and Hyperfine Structure in the Angular Distribution of Electrons from Autionising States.- Particle-Impact Condensed Matter and Chemical Effects.- Mechanisms for Energy Shifts in Atomic K X-Ray Spectra.- Coherent Absorption and Emission Processes of Energetic Particles Penetrating Crystals.- Target Thickness Dependence of K X-Ray Production Cross Sections in 80–150 MeV Cu + C, Al, Cu, Ag Collisions.- In Search of Collective Electron Emission from Heavy Ion Solid Collisions.- Projectile and Target X-Ray Energy Shifts in Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions.- Alignment of Fast Molecular Ions.- Chemical Effect on Ion-Induced L X-Ray Spectra of Transition Elements.- Relativistic Many-Electron SCF Correlation Diagram for Pb-Pb.- The Experimental Relative Intensity K?/K? in Elements with Z = 52,55,56.- The Experimental Relative Intensity L?4/L?6 for Gold As a Function of the Excitation Voltage.- Experimental Relative Intensity Ratios of the Transitions L1 ? N2 and L1 ? N3, in Elements with Z > 57.- Theory of Particle-Impact Vacancy Production.- X-Ray Spectroscopy of Superheavy Quasimolecules.- Relativistic Effects in the 2s-2p Excitation of Hydrogenic Ions by Proton Impact.- The Coherent Coulomb Ionisation of the 1s? Molecular Orbital in Slow Asymmetric Collisions (I) The Integrated Cross Section.- The Coherent Coulomb Ionisation of the 1s? Molecular Orbital in Slow Asymmetric Collisions (II) Comparison with Experiment.- The Double-Excitation of the Li 1s(2s2p 1P)2P Term by Proton Impact.- A One and a Half Centered Expansion for Ion-Atom Collisions.- Theory of Inner-Shell Vacancies in Atoms and Ionization Accompanying Nuclear Decay.- The Creation and Decay of Inner-Shell Vacancies as a Single Scattering Process.- Theory of Multi-State Rotational Coupling Relevant to Inner-Shell Excitation.- Many-Body Effects in the L2,3 X-Ray and Auger Spectra of Argon.- Inner-Shell Ionization in ? Decay.- Near Threshold Structure in the Atomic K-Shell Spectra for Ionization by Photons or Fast Charged Particles.- Universal Cross Sections for K-Shell Ionization by Low-Velocity Protons: Importance of Relativistic and Energy-Loss Effects.- Two-Electron One-Photon K X-Ray Decay Rate for Ni.- Contributions of the Relativistic Current-Current Interactions to the Decay of the 1s2s2p 4P J = 1/2 and 3/2 Levels.- Internal Ionization Accompanying the Electron Capture Decay of Argon-37.- Double Internal Bremsstrahlung in the L-Electron Capture Decay of 37Ar.- Towards a Complete Theory of K Electron Ejection During ? Decay: An Examination of the Direct Collision Mechanism.- K-Shell Ionisation in the Positron Decay Branch of 64Cu.- Inner-Shell Rearrangement (Exchange Correction) in Internal Conversion.- Double Electron Ejection in the Decay of 113mIn.- Inner-Shell Vacancies by Electron Impact.- Two-Parameter Coincidence Measurements of Bremsstrahlung Electron-Electron Bremmstrahlung and K-Shell Ionisation for 300-keV Electron Impact.- 3d Auger and 3p Coster-Kronig Spectrum of Free Rubidium Atoms.- L Subshell Ionization Cross Sections of Free Xenon Atoms by Electron Impact at Low Energies.- Near K-Ionization Threshold Auger Electron Measurements for Neon Under Electron Impact.- Inner-Shell Ionization by Relativistic Electron Impact: Density Effect, Fluorescence Yield and Multiple Ionization.- L-Subshell Ionization of Gold by Low Energy Electrons.- Impact Parameter Dependence in Inner-Shell Ionization.- K-Shell Excitation in Nearly Symmetric Ion-Atom Collisions at Large Scattering Angles.- Impact-Parameter Dependence of Ar L-Shell Excitation in Slow Ar-Ar Collisions.- Ionization of the 3do State and K-L Vacancy Sharing in Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions.- The Influence of the Nuclear Lifetime on Innershell Ionisation in the Case of Resonant Proton Capture.- Prompt and Time-Delayed Electron Decay-in-Flight Spectra of Gas Excited Carbon Ions.- Impact Parameter Dependence of K-Shell Ionization in Collisions of Cu Ions with Cu, Ge and Ag Atoms.- Bremsstrahlung Emission and Compton Scattering.- Electron Bremsstrahlung X80: Theory and Recent Developments.- On the Z-Dependence of Bremsstrahlung Cross Sections.- Atomic Field Bremsstrahlung ― Comparison Between Theory and Experiment.- Calculation of Positron Bremmstrahlung Cross Sections.- Rayleigh Scattering at X-Ray Energies.- Inner-Shell Photoionization and Auger Emission.- Inner Shell Photoionization Studies of Atoms and Molecules using Synchrotron Radiation.- Inner Shell Photoemission Studies of Alkali Metals in the 40 to 80 eV Photon Energy Range.- Resonant Auger Effect in Inner Shell Photoabsorption and Photoelectron Spectra.- Effect of Initial Vacancy Configuration Interaction on the K and L1 Auger Spectra.- M4,5N4,5N4,5 Auger Electron Spectra of Elements from Silver (Z = 47) to Xenon (Z = 54).- Radiative Auger Emission Spectra of Sodium Metal and Oxide.- New Measurement of K Absorption Spectrum of Atomic Sodium.- Photoelectron and X-Ray Resonant Effects.- Photoemission Investigation of Inner Shells with Synchrotron Radiation.- Resonance Effects in the Valence-Band Spectra of Yb2O3.- Resonant Behaviour of X-Ray Intensities.- Resonant Emission at the 3d Threshold of Rare-Earths.- Photoemission and Auger Spectra of Solids.- Photoemission from Solids: The Transition from Solid-State to Atomic Physics.- Angle-Resolved X-Ray Photoemission Studies of Surface Atomic Geometries and Bulk Valence Bands.- Spin Polarization of Energy-Resolved Photoelectrons from Solid Cesium.- Screening Effects in Core-Level Spectroscopies.- Effect of Hole Mobility on Valence Band Photoemission Spectra of Metals.- Angle Resolved Photoemission from Single Crystal Cu-Ni Alloys.- Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectra of Copper and Nickel.- Relaxation Effects on Binding Energy Shifts in Barium and Some of its Compounds.- Extras-Atomic Relaxation Energies from the Auger Parameter and the Manne-Åberg Sum Rule.- The Two-Hole |3d2| Configuration in the L? Satellite Spectrum and the L3-M4,5M4,5 Auger Spectrum of Silver.- Determination of the 4f Level in Barium.- The Influence of Electron Energy Losses on the Continuous Isochromat Structure for Different Threshold Energies.- Bremsstrahlung Isochromats of Transition Metal Carbides.- Extended X-Ray Isochromat Fine Structure.- Many Body Effects in Photoelectron Auger and X-Ray Spectra.- Excitation Energy Dependence of Soft X-Ray Photoemission Spectra.- Breakdown of the One-Electron Picture in XPS, XES and AES Spectra Involving 4s and 4p Holes in 46Pd to 54Xe.- A New Approach to Autoionization in Two Electron Atoms.- Many-Electron Effects in the Core-Level Photoelectron Spectra of Narrow-Band Solids: Some Model Calculations.- Frequency Dependence of the Exponents in Anomalous X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy of Metals and the Related Problems.- Theory of Multi-Electron Recoil Effects on X-Ray Lineshapes of Metals.- X-Ray Edges Using a Non-Separable Potential.- Many-Body Theory of Core-Valence Excitations.- Two-Particle-Hole Tamm-Dancoff Green Function Applied to the Calculation of Atomic Ionization Energies.- X-Ray Emission and Photoemission Studies of Amorphous and Crystalline Materials.- Electronic Structure of Glassy Transition Metals Alloys.- X-Ray Spectra of Amorphous and Crystalline GaP.- SXS of Some Cadmium A2B6 Semiconductor Compounds.- Study of the Electron Structure of V2O5(V6O13) by Appearance Potential Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- Polarized X-Ray K-Emission Bands of Gallium and Selenium in GaSe and GaS.- X-Ray Photoelectron Studies of Aluminium Transition-Metal Alloys.- XUV Absorption and Electron Energy Losses in NaBr.- Electronic Structure of Alloys: X-Ray and Electronic Emission.- Soft X-Ray and Photoemission Spectroscopy of Random Alloys.- Electronic States in LicMg1-c Alloys: Soft X-Ray Emission Spectra.- The Emission and Absorption Edges of Lithium and Magnesium in Li-Mg Alloys.- Interpretation of the X-Ray Emission Spectra from FeAl, CoAl and NiAl.- Experimental Results of Soft X-Ray Emission Spectra from FeAl, CoAl and NiAl.- A Soft X-Ray Spectrometer and Some New Results on the Systems ZrAlFe and YalFe.- Photoabsorption Study of the Fe-Ni-Se Alloy System.- X-Ray Spectroscopic Studies of the Alloy Cu-Sb.- EXAFS and X-Ray Absorption.- EXAFS Study of the Zinc Chalcogenides and the Theoretical Amplitude of the Fine Structure.- Extended Appearance Potential Fine Structure (EAPFS) as a Tool for Analyzing the Geometrical Properties of Solid Surfaces.- K-Absorption Edge Structures in Gases, Crystals and Polymers.- Experimental Investigation of the Systematic k and Z Dependence of EXAFS Back-Scattering Amplitudes and Comparison with Theory.- K-Edge Absorption Spectra of Free and Bound Potassium Ion.- EXAFS in Specular Reflection.- X-Ray Absorption Studies of Some Transition Metal Salinazids.- A Study of EXAFS Associated with the Manganese K Absorption Discontinuity in the Metal and Compounds.- X-Ray Spectroscopic Studies of RMn2 and RPt2 Intermetallics.- Chemical Bonding Inter-Metallic and Self-Absorption Effects in X-Ray Spectra.- Chemical Shifts in X-Ray Emission.- The Chemical Structure of Complex Compounds Studied by X-Ray Emission and Quantum Yield Spectra.- Configuration Interaction in the L2,3 X-Ray Spectrum of Potassium Chloride.- MO X? Study of the X-Ray Emission Spectra of Octahedral Carbonyl and Cyanide Complexes of 3d Metals.- Study of Ferroelectric Perovskites by X-Ray Absorption.- Oxygen K-Emission Studies with a 5M Grating Spectrograph.- Study of the Binding of Metal Ions to Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids by X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy.- Calculations of X-Ray Spectra Using the SCP Method: Local Partial and Total Densities of States and Polarization.- Calculations Studying the Influence of the Defect Structure of NbO on its X-Ray Emission Spectra.- Chemical Effects in K?/K? X-Ray Emission Intensities from First-Row Transition Element Compounds.- Bremsstrahlung Isochromats of Cr90Al10 Alloy.- X-Ray Emission and Absorption Bands of Germanium for the System GeSx.- 5p ? 3d Emission Transitions in Gd and Tb.- Experimental and Theoretical Study of K Band Emission of Nickel.- High-Resolution L X-Ray Spectrum of Niobium.- X-Ray Excitation States and Satellite Spectra of Solids.- On the X-Ray Excitonic State.- Fluorescent Emission and Scattering Spectra of Lithium Compounds by Using Synchrotron Orbital Radiation.- Exchange Banding of Core-Hole States and its Effects on Inner-Shell Spectroscopies.- Radiative Decay of Core Excitation States in CsCl.- Theory of Core Excitons.- X-Ray Absorption Spectrum of Germanium in the Energy Range 12 to 13 KeV: Evidence of Doubly Ionized Inner-Shells.- L? and L? Satellites of Copper: A Theoretical Description by an SCF Method Including Spin-Orbit Interaction.- Spectroscopy of Impurities in Metals and on Metal Surfaces.- Core Excited States in the XUV Absorption Spectra of Boron, Carbon, Silicon and Titanium Fluorides. X?MT Calculations.- Satellite X-Ray Lines and KLL Auger Electrons from Fluorine Compounds.- Anisotropic and Self-Absorption Effects in X-Ray Spectra.- Anisotropic Emission of X-Radiation.- Polarized Kß Valence Band Spectra and Electronic Structure of some H.C.P. Metals and of the Oxides V2O5 and TiO2.- Angular Resolved X-Ray Emission from Molybdenum Disulphide.- Studies on the Anisotropic X-Ray Emission of Graphite.- Self-Absorption Studies of the Emission and Absorption Edges of the Light Metals.- Inner-Shell and X-Ray Satellite Excitation in Molecules.- Inner-Shell Excitations in Molecules: Independent Particle Models and Their Limitations.- Theory of Molecular X-Ray Emission Satellites Produced by Two-Center Vacancy Initial States.- The Evaluation of Satellites Including TCV Initial State Transitions in the C1 L Emission Spectra of KCl.- Calculations of X-Ray Spectra Using the Discrete Variational X? Cluster Method.- High Resolution Absorption Spectroscopy in the Ultrasoft X-Ray Region Using Conventional X-Ray Techniques.- Plasma Diagnostics X-Ray Optics and Instrumental and Measurement Techniques.- X-Ray Radiation from Tokamaks.- High Resolution X-Ray Spectra from the Alcator Tokamak.- X-Ray Anomalous Scattering Factors ― Measurements and Applications.- Measurement of Anomalous X-Ray Reflectivity of Mica Crystals in the Soft X-Ray Range.- X-Ray Optical Instruments Employing Layered Synthetic Microstructures.- Interferometric Determination of Dispersion Corrections.- M Series X-Ray Emission Lines of Mercury.- An Evaluation of Techniques for the Measurement of X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients.- X-Ray Diffraction Properties and Applications of Layered Synthetic Microstructures in the 1 to 10 Ångstrom Region.- Spectroscopy of Inelastically Scattered X-Rays Using a Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter.- A Fast Soft X-Ray Spectrograph.- Detector Efficiency Calibration Sources at Photon Energies below 4 keV.- Energy-Dispersive Measurements of K? X-Ray Linewidths and Relative Intensities.- Absorption Spectroscopy of the Carbon K Edge in Polymers with a Doppler Tuned X-Ray Monochromator.- Author index.