Integrated Urban Systems Modeling: Theory and Applications

A wide range of books on urban systems models are available today for the student of urban planning, geography, and economics. There are few, if any, books, however, that deal with integrated urban systems modeling from the operational viewpoint. The term "integrated" is used here in the same sense as the "general equilibrium", in contrast to such approaches as "sequential" or "partial equilibrium". In fact, the main thesis of this book is that the characteristics of ur­ ban activity that best distinguish it from rural activity are (1) the intensive use of urban land and (2) urban congestion. On this basis, models that are introduced in this book are three- dimensional in character and produce urban land use configurations with explicit optimal density of urban pro­ duction activities along with optimal levels of transportation congestion. It is also assumed that both public and private sectors play significant roles in shaping urban forms, structures, and functions in mixed economic systems. From this viewpoint, models developed in this book address two integrated decision-making procedures: one by the public sector, which provides urban infrastructure and public services, and the other one by the private sector, which uses provided infrastructure and public services in pursuing parochial interests.

I Urban Form, Functions and Structure.- 1 Urban Systems and Systems Analysis.- 1.1 Why Urban Areas?.- 1.2 Measuring Exports from Urban Areas.- 1.3 Review on Urban Systems Models.- 1.3.1 Location Theory and Spatial Economies.- 1.3.2 Models of Urban Rents.- 1.3.3 Models of Regional Economics.- 1.3.4 Transportation Models.- 1.4 Urban Systems and Mathematical Programming.- 2 Determinants of Urban Structure.- 2.1 Suburbanization Trends.- 2.2 Intensive Use of Urban Land.- 2.3 The Role of Congestion in Urban Form and Structure.- 2.4 Concluding Remarks.- II Linear Programming Models and Applications.- 3 Integrated Urban Systems Model I.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Model Formulation: Postulates.- 3.2.1 Export Requirements of Urban Goods.- 3.2.2 Cost Minimizing Production Function.- 3.2.3 Leontief Fixed Coefficient Production Function.- 3.2 4 Commodity Flow System.- 3.3 Model.- 3.3.1 Exogenous variables.- 3.3.2 Endogenous variables.- 3.4 A Numerical Calculation.- 3.4.1 Input Data.- 3.5 Concluding Remarks.- 4 An Application: Zoning for a Metropolis.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Model Solution for a Metropolis.- 4.3 Formulating a Zoning Map: An Example.- 4.4 Concluding Remarks.- III Nonlinear Programming Models And Applications.- 5 Integrated Urban Systems Model II.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Postulates.- 5.2.1 Interzonal Passenger and Commodity Flow.- 5.2.2 User Equilibrium Route and Mode Choice.- 5.3 The Model.- 5.3.1 Exogenous Variables.- 5.3.2 Endogenous Variables.- 5.3.3 Model Development.- 5.3.4 Economic Interpretation of Optimality Conditions.- 5.4 Concluding Remarks.- 6 Solution Algorithms.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Solution Techniques for Network Equilibrium Model.- 6.3 Alternative Solution Techniques.- 6.3.1 Wilson’s Iterative Balancing Method.- 6.3.2 Powell’s Hybrid Numerical Method.- 6.3.3 Comparisons of the Two Methods.- 6.4 An Alternative Solution Algorithm.- 6.4.1 Solution Algorithm: An Alternative.- 6.5 A Numerical Example.- 6.6 Concluding Remarks.- 7 Model Application to the Chicago Area: Existing Urban Form VS. Model Estimates.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Application to the Chicago Region: Data.- 7.2.1 Zone and Transportation System.- 7.2.2 Zone System.- 7.2.3 Highway Network.- 7.2.4 Export Zones and Export Handling Cost.- 7.2.5 Land Availability.- 7.3 Transportation Cost Functions.- 7.4 Nonsurvey Input-Output Method.- 7.4.1 Updating Tables.- 7.4.2 Removal of Imports.- 7.4.3 Conversion to Normalized Coefficients.- 7.4.4 Adjustment for Regional Trade Patterns.- 7.4.5 Commodity Aggregation.- 7.4.6 Calculating the Direct Requirement Table.- 7.5 Total Outputs and Exports.- 7.5.1 Total Outputs.- 7.5.2 Total Exports.- 7.6 Land/Capital Input Coefficients and Parameters.- 7.6.1 Land Input Coefficients.- 7.6.2 Capital Input Coefficients.- 7.7 Other Input Parameters.- 7.7.1 Agricultural Land Rent and Capital Rent.- 7.7.2 Trip Generation Factors.- 7.7.3 Auto Occupancy Ratio and Truck Loading Factor.- 7.8 Application to the Chicago Region: Model Estimates and Evaluation.- 7.8.1 Analysis of Convergence.- 7.8.2 Evaluation of the Model Estimates.- 7.9 Concluding Remarks.- 8 Impact Analysis of Network Changes on Urban Form and Structure.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Fluctuating Lake Levels and Their Transportation Implications.- 8.3 Long-Run Effects of Closing a Major Arterial Street.- 8.4 Concluding Remarks.- IV Future Directions for Integrated Urban Systems Modeling.- 9 Modeling Public-Private Interaction: Bilevel Programming Approach.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Bilevel Programming Problem.- 9.3 Bilevel Programming Models for Public-Private Interaction.- 9.4 Solution Algorithms: Review and Evaluation.- 9.4.1 Extreme Point Search Method.- 9.4.2 Kuhn-Tucker Approach.- 9.4.3 Descent Method.- 9.5 An Alternative Solution Algorithm.- 9.6 Numerical Analysis.- 9.6.1 Example 1.- 9.6.2 Example 2.- 9.7 Further Research Direction.- 10 Urban Systems Modeling: Retrospects and Prospects.- 10.1 Urban Systems Models Revisited.- 10.2 Urban Systems Modeling: Future Prospects.- 10.2.1 Changes in Urban Lifestyles.- 10.2.2 Subjects for Further Study.- 10.2.3 Emerging New Tools for Urban Systems Modeling.- A Sample Calculation for Example 1.- Author Index.