Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces

Early in 1989, while most of us were gathered in the Mediterranean five-centuries-old city of Alacant, the idea of a school on stopping and particle penetration phenomena came to our minds. Later that year when discussing this plan with some of the participants in the 13th International Conference on Atomic Collisions in Solids in Aarhus, we were pleased to note that the proposal was warmly welcomed indeed by the community. An Advanced Study Institute on this or a related subject had not been organized in the last decade. Because of the progress made particularly in the interaction of high energy beams with matter, and the many applications which the general subject of the stopping of charged particles (ions and electrons) in matter enjoys, a Study Institute appeared a worthy enterprise. Even though several international conference series cover developments in these areas, they miss tutorial introductions to the field. The title chosen was Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces, and the objectives were stated as follows: "to cover theory and experiments, including selected applications and hot topics, of the stopping of charged particles (ions and electrons) in matter. The emphasis will be on outlining the areas where further effort is needed, and on specifying the basic needs in applications. Fundamental concepts will prevail over applications, and the character of the Institute as a school will be stressed. " The school was directed by Fernando Flores (Spain), Herbert M. Urbassek (Germany), Nestor R.

Mainstream Lecture Series.- Theory of Charged-Particle Stopping.- Dynamical Interaction of Charges with Condensed Matter.- 1: Classical interaction of charges with condensed matter.- 2: Quantal interaction of electrons with condensed matter. Charge transfer between ions and condensed matter, charge states.- 3: Stopping power for light ions in metals.- Density Functional Theory of Stopping Power.- 1: Density functional formalism.- 2: Stopping of a slow ion in an electron gas.- 3: Friedel sum rule.- 4: Proton: potential and density fluctuation results.- 5: H and He stopping.- 6: Antiproton stopping.- 7: Model potentials.- 8: Ions with Z>2.- 9: Mean free path, stopping power, straggling.- 10: Interacting electron gas.- Statistics of Charged-Particle Penetration.- 1: The Poisson limit.- 2: Varying projectile energy; charged-state statistics; correlated distributions.- 3: Spatially correlated distributions.- 4: Applications.- Accelerators and Stopping Power Experiments.- 2: Accelerators.- 3: Beam diagnostics.- 4: Stopping power and straggling measurements.- Experimental Aspects of Channeling.- Charged Particle-Surface Interactions and Spectroscopies.- Electron Spectra in Solids.- 2: The interaction of a swift electron with condensed matter.- 3: The impact parameter representation of charged particle energy losses in condensed matter.- Low Energy Ion Penetration and Collision Cascades in Solids.- 2: Interaction forces.- 3: Transport equations.- 4: Computer simulation.- 5: Applications to ion ranges and sputtering.- Interaction of Low-Energy Ions, Atoms and Molecules with Surfaces.- 2: Low energy ion surface scattering.- 3: Instrumentation and applications of ion scattering.- 4: Inelastic ion-surface collisions.- 5: The interaction of molecular ions with surfaces. Acronyms of surface analysis techniques.- Applications of Ion Beams to Materials Science.- Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions: Basic Principles and Mechanisms.- 2: General principles.- 3: The nature of the repulsive state.- 4: The excitation of the repulsive state.- 5: The evolution of the repulsive state.- 6: DIET with bombarding ions.- 7: Problems and opportunities.- Invited Lectures.- Impact Parameter Dependent Energy Loss for Heavy Ions: an Overview.- 2: Historical.- 3: Impact parameter dependence.- Questions Concerning the Stopping Power of Heavy Ions in Solids.- 1: Effective charge concept.- 2: Electronic state of heavy ions inside solids.- 3: Forward electron spectroscopy.- Scattering of Fast Ions and Energy Loss on Surfaces.- 2: Experimental procedure.- 3: Specular reflection.- 4: Stopping power of the surface.- 5: Charge state distribution of specularly reflected ions.- 6: Specular reflection from PbSe/SnTe(001)).- Neutralization of Fast Protons in Grazing Collisions with an A1(111) Surface.- On the Stopping Power of an Electron Gas for Slow Proton and Antiproton.- Electron Capture in Atomic Collisions.- 2: Theory.- 3: Results.- Channeling and Channeling Radiation Theory.- Wakes, Dynamic Screening.- 2: Detection of density fluctuation.- 3: A search for wake-riding electrons.- Current Topics in Kinetic Electron Emission from Solids.- 2: Theoretical concepts of KEE.- 3: Yield estimates and surface effects.- 4: Origin of convoy electrons from solids.- 5: Emission at glancing incidence.- 6: Heavy ion induced Auger emission.- 7: KEE thresholds.- 8: Emission of fast electrons in slow collisions.- Convoy Electrons.- 2: Production of convoy electrons.- 3: Transport of convoy electrons.- 4: Case studies.- Surface Electron Spectroscopy; Importance of Particle Transport.- Stopping Power of Hot Plasmas and Cold Solids: Dielectric and Transport Cross Section Formulations.- 2: Dielectric function formalism.- 3: Transport cross section formulation.- Ion-Induced Emission From Magnetic Materials Near Phase Transition Temperature.- 1: Sputtering.- 2: Sublimation and oxidation.- 3: Morphological transition in the vicinity of the Curie point.- 4: Secondary ion and ion-photon emission.- Contributed Papers: Ion Stopping.- Accurate Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Stopping Powers for Intermediate Energy Light Ions Penetrating Atomic H and He Targets.- Charge Exchange and Energy Loss of Particles Interacting with Surfaces.- Effective Charge of Helium Ions in Solids.- Wake Potential in the Vicinities of a Surface.- Stopping Power of Large Molecular Clusters in Cold and Heated Solids.- A Stopping Power Formula for Helium Ions.- Survey of Heavy-Ions Research at CIRIL/GANIL.- Influence of Thickness Fluctuations on the Energy-Loss Spectra of Protons Transmitted through Thin Films.- Contributed Papers: Stopping of Electrons.- Inelastic Interactions of Electrons with Solids: LPA and Penn’s Statistical Model.- Energy Distribution of Electrons Excited by Slow Particles in Solids.- Ion-Induced Auger Electron Emission from Single Crystals: Experiment and Simulation.- Electron Spectra from Ion Bombardment of Cleaned Surfaces Covered with Frozen Gases at Low Sample Temperatures.- Emission of Spin-Polarized Electrons to Study Surface Magnetism and Particle-Surface Interaction.- Positron Thermalisation in Aluminum.- Contributed Papers: Low Energies.- Interaction of a Charged Particle with a Semi Infinite Non Polar Dielectric Liquid.- On the Experimental Verification of Various Mechanisms of Secondary Atomic and Molecular Ion Production Upon Ion Bombardment of Pure Metals.- Cascade Evolution and Sputtering in Condensed Rare Gases.- Contributed Papers: Applications.- Monte Carlo Simulations of Deposition Processes.- Growth of Thin Films by Ion Beam Sputtering: Study of Rare Gas Incorporation.- Experimental Evidence of the Bond Breaking Mechanism in Oxygen Secondary Ion Emission Enhancement.- Ion Beam Induced Ni-Ag Mixing.- SIMS Surface Analysis of PET: Degradation Development.- Closing Remarks.- Closing Remarks: Perspectives in Particle-Solid Interactions.- Participants.- Author Index.