International Conference on Nutrient Recovery From Wastewater Streams Vancouver, 2009
Lingua: inglese
Editore: IWA Publishing, 2009
- Brossura
- Nuovo
Da: PBShop.store US, Wood Dale, IL, U.S.A.PBShop.store US
Venditore AbeBooks dal 7 aprile 2005
Condizione: Nuovo
EUR 227,98
Quantità: 9 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloDescrizione dell’articolo da parte del venditore
New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.
Codice articolo GB-9781843392323
- Titolo
- International Conference on Nutrient Recovery From Wastewater Streams Vancouver, 2009
- Editore
- IWA Publishing
- Anno di pubblicazione
- 2009
- Condizione
- New
- Rilegatura
- PAP
- Lingua
- inglese
- ISBN 10
- 1843392321
- ISBN 13
- 9781843392323
- Peso dell'articolo
- 1343 grammi
"Riassunto" può appartenere a un’altra edizione di questo titolo.
Estratto. © Ristampato con autorizzazione. Tutti i diritti riservati.
International Conference on Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams
May 10–13, 2009 The Westin Bayshore Hotel and Resort, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
By Ken Ashley, Don Mavinic, Fred KochIWA Publishing
All rights reserved.
Elimination of eutrophication through resource recovery
James L Barnard Black & Veatch 8400 Ward Parkway, Kansas City MO 64114
Abstract The undiminished growth in the world population and the spread of industrialization to former agricultural societies have put a relentless pressure on resources in terms of not only the supplies of food and fuel but also of the rejected energy that can cause serious pollution of receiving waters. This paper will look at the causes of deterioration of the water environment and how this resource can be recovered while solving many of the pollution problems. Proteins can be recovered from wastewater to augment the food supplies, urine can be separated and used as fertilizer, phosphorus can be recovered and used in fertilizers or incorporated in compost, algae can be grown and harvested for converting to bio-diesel fuel, wastewater biosolids can be turned into organic fertilizers and water can be reclaimed for re-use which would prevent deterioration of receiving water quality.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past 35 years the population of the world has doubled, from roughly 3 billion to about 6 billion. Since land is at a premium in most high-growth countries, most of this growth was in the cities. It is expected that by 2050, the world population will stabilize at around 10 billion. The growth will not be spread uniformly around the globe but will be concentrated in countries that are already disadvantaged. The concentration of people leads to concentration of pollution and the need for treatment of the wastewater generated in the urban areas occupied by this population. As an example, the population of Mexico City now exceeds 30 million, but the wastewater produced there receives virtually no treatment. It is simply used to irrigate land to produce food. Increase in population means increases in the demand for food and for fertilizers to grow this food. The Green Revolution spanning the period from 1967–68 to 1977–78 changed India from a starving nation to one of the world's leading agricultural producers. This change came as a result of harvesting two crops a year from the same land, developing high-yield grains and using more water, more fertilizer, more pesticides, fungicides, and certain other chemicals. The US and Canada produce more than 60% of the surplus food in the world, to make up for the shortfall in other countries. Crop yields in the US have been increased by intensified agriculture, a massive increase in fertilizer application, and installation of under-drainage to leach out the build-up of minerals in the soil. The leachate containing nitrates and phosphorus was discharged to streams and eventually began to enrich the receiving waters. McCarty (1969) described methods used for reducing the discharges of nitrates to San Francisco Bay. The intensified production of meat led to the use of large feed-lots for raising cattle, which resulted in massive discharges of nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, to receiving streams.
Discharges of wastewater effluent containing excess nitrogen and phosphorus can contribute to the growth of algae in receiving water, which results in eutrophication.
What is eutrophication?
The term "eutrophication" comes from the Greek word "eutrophos", meaning well-nourished. It referred to the natural ageing of water bodies through the natural addition of nutrients. However in modern terms it means the enrichment of receiving waters with excess nutrients. It is not unusual to find lakes and rivers which have become rich in the main nutrients such as carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as a result of erosion or runoff from adjacent soils. Other nutrient sources include drainage and wash down of excess nutrients from applied fertilizers, from agricultural feed lots, and domestic and industrial wastes. In the receiving water, these nutrients support for the growth of phytoplankton (algae) which are the first link in the food chain and, hence, the basis of all aquatic life. In surface waters, particularly in oceans, this "primary production" speeds the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the oceans, the largest sink for carbon dioxide.
The food chain itself consists of many links; each with complex interactions but, in the simplest terms can be described as follows: phytoplanktons are consumed by zooplankton such as daphnia (water fleas) – the food for many species of small fish. These fish are consumed by larger predatory fish which, together with their prey, are food for birds and mammals and, indeed, man. A healthy and well-nourished water body (river, lake, or sea) sustains a rich and diverse aquatic life with all components of the food chain existing in a dynamic equilibrium of production and consumption. A healthy food chain can often survive large changes in nutrient load or climatic conditions with remarkable resilience without any long-term changes in water quality or species diversity.
However, the pressures of expanding population, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural intensification in many regions have resulted in a massive increase in the loadings of not just nutrients, but also of untreated or secondary treated sewage into the rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Industrial discharges, pesticides, animal wastes, and countless other pollutants can have a direct and devastating effect on the functioning of the food chain.
The combination of greatly increased nutrient input and a wide range of other, potentially ecotoxic, inorganic and organic products that reach the water can have serious effects on the aquatic ecosystem. While primary production of algae is promoted by the increased nutrient supply, the ability of the zooplankton (usually the most pollution-sensitive organisms in the food chain) to respond to this increased food supply is impaired by the presence of other kinds of pollutants. The result is often that the balance of production and consumption in the food chain is disturbed which, in most cases, leads to algae becoming the dominant form of life in the water.
In the worst case, algae will proliferate in a way that can no longer be controlled at the higher levels in the food chain. This may lead to the decline in the populations of other water plants, particularly the bottom-growing plants which fail to obtain adequate light in the turbid-water column. In the most extreme cases, toxic algal scum may be formed and water may become deoxygenated, which will result in fish kills. There are many lakes and reservoirs where elevated nutrient levels have not caused the water quality problems associated with high algal biomass, while other lakes, with similar nutrient loads exhibit signs of algal domination.
An example of such imbalance can be found in the deteriorating condition of Lake Erie in the early 70's which was of particular concern (Knud-Hanson, 1994). The approximately 20,000 pounds of phosphorus per day being discharge into the lake resulted in an about 2,600 square-mile area of the lake with no oxygen within ten feet from the bottom (Beeton, 1971). As of 1967, mats of attached algae covered Lake Erie's shoreline, and the populations of desirable fish such as whitefish, blue pike, and walleye had either severely declined or disappeared altogether.
This was a great concern at the time and even led to a poem:
You're glumping the pond where the Humming-Fish hummed No more can they hum for their gills are all gummed. So I'm sending them off. Oh, their future is dreary They'll walk on their fins and get woefully weary In search of some water that isn't so smeary I hear things are just as bad up in Lake Erie – The Lorax, by Dr. Seuss
The so-called Gulf Anoxia, is caused by excessive amounts of nitrogen being discharged into the gulf from the Mississippi River, which enhances the growth of algae in the gulf. When the algae die, oxygen is consumed, leading to development of a zone where the dissolved oxygen is too low to support fish and other aquatic life, while causing large swings in the pH value as CO2 is extracted or returned to the water. Midsummer coastal hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico was first recorded in the 1970s. From 1993 to 1999 the extent of the bottom-water hypoxia covered between 16,000 and 20,000 km2 and was twice the size of the Chesapeake Bay, rivaling the extensive hypoxia of the Baltic and the Black Sea (Rabelais et al., 2001). This area exceeds the area of the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Much of the initial work on nutrient removal was sparked by the situation around Johannesburg, now known as the Province of Gauteng, South Africa, with close to 10 million people. Because of the discovery of gold, the city is on the continental divide and water is pumped to the city from long distances. In spite of rigid effluent standards, by the early 1970s eutrophication of the reservoirs to the north and south of the city became severe enough to resemble pea soup. Inevitably, as the urban areas grew, recycled wastewater effluent began to constitute an ever higher percentage of the flow to these reservoirs, which in turn supplied water to downstream users. With the salinity of the drinking water reaching a concentration of 800 mg/L during years of drought, the addition of chemicals for the removal of phosphorus was not considered an option. Activated carbon was used to remove tastes and odors at potable water treatment plants.
The concept of a limiting nutrient
Algae, the lowest link in the food chain, need a number of conditions to sustain their growth: sunlight for photosynthesis; an elevated temperature, certain water conditions (turbulence), and nutrients, in particular carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus which, broadly speaking, are required in the ratio 100:10:1 respectively, as well as a wide range of trace elements. This "primary production" is the foundation of the food chain that sustains all higher life forms: invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. If any one of these essential conditions is removed, the primary production ceases and with it, all higher life forms.
In a healthy ecosystem, the ability of the food chain to adapt to variations in nutrient load can be quite remarkable. In its simplest sense, the water body is capable of sustaining a richer and more productive food chain. This can also be achieved without any deterioration in water quality. While the availability of nutrients causes the production of algae to increase, this is balanced by the increase in the consumption of algae by the organisms higher in the food chain that prosper on the increased food supply. Such a situation can often be beneficial by supporting a productive sport or commercial fishery and wildlife.
Since carbon dioxide is freely available from the atmosphere, reducing either nitrogen of phosphorus in discharges to the receiving water to below the values that correspond with the ratio required for growth will limit the growth of the algae. In inland water, phosphorus is mostly the limiting nutrient while in bays and estuaries, nitrogen is predominantly the limiting nutrient, and in some environments both nutrients may be limiting.
Where do the main nutrients come from?
Secondary treatment of wastewater is widely practiced in the USA and Europe, Japan, Australia, and South Africa. Wastewater is treated by exposing it under aerobic conditions to organisms that promote the breakdown of carbonaceous compounds – protein, sugars, soaps, etc. – to carbon dioxide and water. Typically the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in domestic wastewater are in excess of that required for growth of the organisms in the treatment plant. The excess nutrients are not removed but merely converted from the organic to the inorganic form. The process is depicted on Figure 1. Protein is a combination of many elements but mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen phosphorus, and sulfur. The bound ammonia is converted to ammonia or, when it is further oxidized, to nitrites and nitrate. The phosphorus radical, PO4-3 is discharged with the effluent.
Until 1974, phosphorus used in detergents made up about 50% of the phosphorus in wastewater effluent. After a heated battle between environmentalists and the detergent industry, a number of states outlawed the use of phosphorus in detergents, which resulted in the reduction the phosphorus in treated wastewater effluent from around 11 mg/L to between 5 and 7 mg/L. Phosphorus compounds are being added to some water supplies in older communities where lead pipes are still in use in the water supply system to prevent leaching of lead into the water. In a recent article in Environmental Science and Technology (October 1, 2001) a concern was raised that phosphorus compounds may become too expensive and even be limiting for use for this purpose and the community is urged to recycle and re-use phosphorus. The City of Winnipeg adds 1 mg/L P to the water supply for lead control.
The sources of nutrients that are discharged to water bodies vary from one place to another. Figure 2 shows the nutrient sources in the European Union. Even there, the contribution from human sources equals the contribution from livestock. Those two sources, combined with industry, can be considered "point sources", meaning that nutrients are discharged at discrete points as opposed to dispersed runoff from crop fields, lawns, and parks where fertilizers are applied.
Nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient for the growth of algae in bays and estuaries and is the main cause of the anoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Sources contributing nitrogen to the Gulf anoxia are indicated on Figure 3.
Only 11% of the total nitrogen in the Mississippi comes from municipal and industrial point sources in the catchment of the river system which include cities such as Chicago, St Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Nashville, Memphis, and New Orleans, while 15% originates in animal manure and more than 50% comes from fertilizers and mineralized soil through tile drainage systems from crop fields. (Hey et al., 2005) With the expected increase in crop production for the bio-fuel program, the problem will increase in severity. In the Long Island Sound in which the algae growth is also nitrogen-limited, more than 50% of the nitrogen originates in wastewater treatment plants or City of New York, Westchester County and the state of Connecticut. Many US cities have begun removing nitrogen from municipal wastes, but little effort has gone into tackling the bigger problem of removing the nitrogen from agricultural and other diffused sources.
The Las Vegas metropolitan area discharges all wastewater effluent to the Las Vegas Wash and into the arm of Lake Mead that also serves as the area's water supply. Because of the low rainfall in the area, most of the flow into that arm consists of municipal effluent, and the contribution of point sources can be more than 90% of the total. Thus all nutrients contained in the effluent will make up a very high percentage of the total going into that arm of the lake. At present there is sufficient exchange of flow between the Las Vegas Wash and the main body of Lake Mead but as lake levels are dropping, the exchange will be reduced and the effluent of the treatment plants will make up a larger proportion of the domestic water supply.
How do we deal with this surplus of nutrients?
Multiple strategies will be required to reduce the nutrients that affect water bodies. The first line of attack is the removal of nutrients from point sources such as domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
Phosphorus removal: At domestic or industrial waste treatment plants, phosphorus can be removed either by precipitation with metal salts such as aluminum and iron salts which form an insoluble precipitate of aluminum or ferric phosphate, or by incorporation into biological cells. The solids containing the phosphorus can be removed by settling and disposed of with the treated excess biosolids.
In response to public concern about the eutrophication of Lake Erie, pollution control laws were adopted in both countries to deal with water quality problems, including phosphorus loadings to the lakes. In 1972, Canada and the United States signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement to begin a bi-national Great Lakes cleanup that emphasized the reduction of phosphorus entering the lakes. Iron or aluminum salts were added in the wastewater treatment plants to precipitate phosphorus.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from International Conference on Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams by Ken Ashley, Don Mavinic, Fred Koch. Copyright © 2009 IWA Publishing and the Authors. Excerpted by permission of IWA Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
"Descrizione articolo" può appartenere a un’altra edizione di questo titolo.
PBShop.store US
Wood Dale, IL, U.S.A.
Venditore AbeBooks dal 7 aprile 2005
Tariffe di spedizione nazionale per U.S.A.
| Articolo | Da 7 a 14 giorni lavorativi | Da 7 a 14 giorni lavorativi |
|---|---|---|
| Primo articolo | EUR 0,00 | EUR 0,00 |
Metodi di pagamento
Descrizione dello Store
We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first visit or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…
Specializzazione
Hardbacks, PaperbacksInformazioni sull’azienda del venditore
Pbshop.co.uk Ltd
Unit 22 Horcott Industrial Estate, Horcott Road
Fairford, Regno Unito GL7 4BX
Condizioni di vendita
Returns Policy
We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.
Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.
Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
Please note the cost to return any unwanted order to us is borne by the buyer.
Should your order arrive damaged, not as advertised or faulty, we must be advised of this within 14 days of delivery. Please contact us so we can find the best solution for you.
Our Customer Care Team can be contacted via emailing paperback-us@paperbackshop.co.uk, or by calling our UK Office on +441285 712 917. We are available 9:00am till 5:30pm GMT weekdays and 9:00am till 1:00pm GMT on Saturdays.
Diritto di recesso
Se sei un consumatore puoi recedere dal contratto in conformità con quanto segue. Per Consumatore si intende qualsiasi persona fisica che agisce per scopi estranei alla propria attività commerciale, imprenditoriale, artigianale o professionale.
Informazioni sul diritto di recesso
Diritto legale di recesso
Hai il diritto di recedere dal presente contratto entro 14 giorni senza fornire alcuna motivazione.
Il periodo di recesso scade dopo 14 giorni dal giorno in cui tu o una terza parte, diversa dal vettore e da te indicata, acquisisce il possesso fisico dell'ultimo bene o dell'ultimo lotto o pezzo.
Per esercitare il diritto di recesso, compila e invia elettronicamente una dichiarazione esplicita sul nostro sito Web, alla voce “I miei acquisti” nella sezione “Mio account”. Ti comunicheremo senza indugio una conferma di ricezione di tale recesso su un supporto durevole (ad es. via e-mail).
Per rispettare il termine di recesso, è sufficiente inviare la comunicazione relativa all'esercizio del diritto di recesso prima della scadenza del periodo di recesso stesso.
Effetti del recesso
In caso di recesso dal presente contratto, ti rimborseremo tutti i pagamenti ricevuti, compresi i costi di spedizione (ad eccezione dei costi supplementari derivanti dalla tua eventuale scelta di un tipo di spedizione diverso dal tipo meno costoso di consegna standard da noi offerto).
Potremo effettuare una detrazione dal rimborso per la perdita di valore dei beni forniti, qualora tale perdita sia il risultato di una manipolazione non necessaria da parte tua.
Eseguiremo il rimborso senza indebito ritardo e non oltre 14 giorni dal giorno in cui saremo informati della tua decisione di recedere dal presente contratto.
Il rimborso sarà effettuato utilizzando lo stesso mezzo di pagamento da te usato per la transazione iniziale, salvo che tu non abbia espressamente concordato altrimenti; in ogni caso, non dovrai sostenere alcun costo quale conseguenza di tale rimborso.
Possiamo trattenere il rimborso finché non avremo ricevuto i beni oppure finché non avrai fornito la prova di averli rispediti, a seconda di quale condizione si verifichi per prima.
Dovrai rispedire i beni o consegnarli a PBShop.store US, Springfield Gardens, New York, U.S.A., +44 1285 712917, senza indebito ritardo e, in ogni caso, entro 14 giorni dal giorno in cui ci hai comunicato la tua volontà di recedere dal presente contratto. Il termine è rispettato se rispedisci i beni prima della scadenza del periodo di 14 giorni. I costi diretti della restituzione dei beni saranno a tuo carico. Sei responsabile solo della diminuzione del valore dei beni risultante da una manipolazione diversa da quella necessaria per stabilire la natura, le caratteristiche e il funzionamento dei beni stessi.
Eccezioni al diritto di recesso
Il diritto di recesso non si applica a:
- La fornitura di giornali, periodici o riviste ad eccezione dei contratti di abbonamento; e
- La fornitura di contenuto digitale non fornito su un supporto materiale (ad es. su un CD o DVD), se al momento dell'invio dell'ordine hai accettato l'inizio dell'esecuzione e hai riconosciuto che non avresti potuto recedere una volta iniziata l'esecuzione.
Condizioni di spedizione
Books are shipped from our US or UK warehouses. Delivery estimates allow for delivery from either location.
Privacy e sicurezza
PRIVACY POLICY
We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.
We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.
The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.
We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.
We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:
Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:
a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.
COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:
personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.
Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.
We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.
USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.
Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.
We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.
Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.
USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:
in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.
The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:
in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.
We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.
Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.
Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.
Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.
Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.
Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:
access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.
CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.
Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.
Last amended May 2021.