Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers

Emphasizing customer oriented design and operation, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers explores the behavioral, physical, and mathematical foundations of the discipline and how to apply them to improve the human, societal, and economic well being of systems and organizations. The book discusses product design, such as tools, machines, or systems as well as the tasks or jobs people perform, and environments in which people live. The authors explore methods of obtaining these objectives, uniquely approaching the topic from an engineering perspective as well as a psychological standpoint. The 22 chapters of this book, coupled with the extensive appendices, provide valuable tools for students and practicing engineers in human centered design and operation of equipment, work place, and organizations in order to optimize performance, satisfaction, and effectiveness. Covering physical and cognitive ergonomics, the book is an excellent source for valuable information on safe, effective, enjoyable, and productive design of products and services that require interaction between humans and the environment.

A GUIDED TOUR OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN
About This Chapter
Introduction
What Is Ergonomic Design?
Human-Centered Design
Military Equipment Design
Ergonomic Criteria
Models of Human Performance
Macroergonomics
Carrots and Sticks
Trends in Industry That Impact Ergonomic Design
Organizations and Additional Information on Ergonomic Design
Ergonomic Methods
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

THE HUMAN SYSTEM
About This Chapter
Introduction
The Skeletal Subsystem
The Muscles
Body Movement
The Sensory Subsystems
Support Subsystems
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

DESIGN TO FIT TASKS, PROCESSES, AND PEOPLE
About The Chapter
Introduction
Ergonomic Design Principles
Visual Graphics of Operations
Analysis of Tasks and Jobs
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
About the Chapter
Introduction
Cleanliness, Clutter, and Disorder
Temperature and Humidity
Lightening and Illumination
Noise
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

DESIGN OF WORK AREAS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT
About the Chapter
Introduction
Applied Anthropometry
Design of Work Areas and Stations
Office Design
Design of Tools and Equipment
Protective Equipment for the Operator
Accommodating Handicapped People
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

METHODS IMPROVEMENT & MOTION ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL TASKS
About the Chapter
Introduction
Methods Improvement
Motion and Micromotion Study
Manual Materials Handling
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE
About the Chapter
Introduction
Some Probabilistic Assumptions
Time Study
Performance Leveling
Determining Allowances
Maintaining Standards
Indirect Performance Measurement
Criteria Other Than Time
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

PREDICTING HUMAN PERFORMANCE
About the Chapter
Introduction
Synthetic Data Systems
Standard Data Systems
Cognitive Modeling
Final Comments
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

MEASUREMENT OF LEARNING AND FORGETTING
About This Chapter
Introduction
Performance Criteria and Experience Units
Some Learning Curve Models
Comparing Alternatives for Learnability
The Correct Learning Curve Model
Forgetting Curves
Final Comments
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

SAMPLING METHODS IN INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS
About This Chapter
Introduction
Activity Sampling
Sampling Strategies
Sequential Bayesian Work Sampling
Final Comments
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEW
About the Chapter
Introduction
Questionnaire Design
Interviews
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

SIMULATION IN ERGONOMIC DESIGN
About the Chapter
Introduction
Essential Elements of Computer Simulation
Cognitive Simulation
Operator-in-the-Loop Simulation
A Simulation Strategy
Design of Simulation Experiments
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

DESIGN FOR CREW-TEAM OPERATIONS
About the Chapter
Introduction
Industrial Work Teams
Simulating Industrial Crews
Research, Development, and Design Teams
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

ERGONOMICS IN MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
About the Chapter
Introduction
System Reliability and Availability
Maintenance Programs
Reducing Maintenance Effort
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

ERGONOMICS OF PRODUCT QUALITY AND USABILITY
About the Chapter
Introduction
Quality Management & Customer Driven Design
Usability Analysis & Testing
Designed Experiments
Final Remarks
References
Exercises and Discussion Questions

INSPECTION & QUALITY CONTROL
About the Chapter
Introduction
Some Common Types of Inspection
Human Inspection
Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
Inspection Economics
Improvement & Correction Strategies
Final Comments
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

MACROERGONOMICS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
About This Chapter
Introduction
Some Historical Background
Fundamental Concepts of Industrial Safety and Health
Contemporary Occupational Health and Safety Management
Hazards and Control Measures
Warnings and Safety Programs
Final Remarks
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

COMMUNICATION AND DISPLAY DESIGN
About the Chapter
Introduction
Communication Theory
Human Information Processing
Display Design
Final Comments
References
Discussion Questions and Exercises

ERGONOMICS OF CONTROL
About this Chapter
Introduction
Control Systems
Manual Control
Design of Controls
Fuzzy Control
Supervisory Control
Final Comments
References
Some Discussion Questions

DECISION MAKING & DECISION SUPPORT
About This Chapter
Introduction
Classical or Normative Decision Theory
Behavioral Decision Theory
Naturalistic Decision Theory
Group Decision Making
Decision Support
Final Remarks
References

PERSONNEL SELECTION, PLACEMENT, AND TRAINING
About the Chapter
Introduction
Personnel Selection and Placement
Training
Job Aids
Economic Considerations in Training
Final Comments
References
Discussion and Exercise Questions
Suggested Solutions

DESIGN FOR COMPENSATION AND ACCOMMODATION
About This Chapter
Introduction
Job Evaluation
Measuring Productivity
Wage Administration
Job Design for Sub-Populations
Final Remarks
References
Some Discussion Questions
Some Exercises
Solutions to Exercises

Appendix A: Selling Ergonomics to Management
Appendix B: Economic Analysis of Projects in Ergonomic Design and Management
Appendix C: Some Probability Distributions
Appendix D: Tables of Statistical Distributions
Appendix E: Some Fundamentals of Statistical Regression and Correlation
Appendix F: Fundamentals of Analysis of Variance