Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements

Knowledge of instrumentation is critical in light of the highly sensitive and precise requirements of modern processes and systems. Rapid development in instrumentation technology coupled with the adoption of new standards makes a firm, up-to-date foundation of knowledge more important than ever in most science and engineering fields. Understanding this, Robert B. Northrop produced the best-selling Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements in 1997. The second edition continues to provide in-depth coverage of a wide array of modern instrumentation and measurement topics, updated to reflect advances in the field.

See What's New in the Second Edition:

Anderson Current Loop technology

Design of optical polarimeters and their applications

Photonic measurements with photomultipliers and channel-plate photon sensors

Sensing of gas-phase analytes (electronic "noses")

Using the Sagnac effect to measure vehicle angular velocity

Micromachined, vibrating mass, and vibrating disk rate gyros

Analysis of the Humphrey air jet gyro

Micromachined IC accelerometers

GPS and modifications made to improve accuracy

Substance detection using photons

Sections on dithering, delta-sigma ADCs, data acquisition cards, the USB, and virtual instruments and PXI systems

Based on Northrop's 40 years of experience, Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements, Second Edition is unequalled in its depth and breadth of coverage.

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Introduction
Measurement System Architecture
Errors in Measurement
Standards Used in Measurements
Chapter Summary
Problems
ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Introduction
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Analog Active Filter Applications Using Op-Amps
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special Function Modules
Charge Amplifiers
Phase Sensitive Rectifiers
Chapter Summary
Problems
NOISE AND COHERENT INTERFACE IN MEASUREMENTS
Introduction
Random Noise in Circuits
Propagation of Gaussian Noise Through Linear Filters
Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers
Spot Noise Factor and Figure
Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR
Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers
Calculation of the Noise Limited Resolution of Certain Signal Conditioning Systems
Modern, Low Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation Signal Conditioning Systems
Coherent Interference and Its Minimization
Chapter Summary
Problems
DC NULL MEASUREMENT
Introduction
Wheatstone Bridge Analysis
The Kelvin Bridge
The Anderson Constant Current Loop
Potentiometers
Chapter Summary
Problems
AC NULL MEASUREMENTS
Introduction
Inductor Equivalent Circuits
Capacitor Equivalent Circuits
AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges
AC Bridges
Chapter Summary
Problems
SURVEY OF SENSOR INPUT MECHANISMS
Introduction
Categories of Sensor Input Mechanisms
Resistive Sensors
Voltage Generating Sensors
Sensors Based on Variable Magnetic Coupling
Variable Capacitance Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensors
Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Electron Multiplication Devices
Ionizing Radiation Sensors
Electro-Chemical Sensors
Electronic "Noses"
Mechano-Optical Sensors
Chapter Summary
Problems
APPLICATIONS OF SENSORS TO PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Introduction
Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement
Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position
Measurement of Force and Torque
Pressure Measurements
Introduction to Substance Detection and Measuring Using Photons
Temperature Measurements
Chapter Summary
Problems
BASIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Introduction
DC Voltage Measurements
Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces Measurement
DC Current Measurements
AC Voltage Measurements
AC Current Measurements
Magnetic Field Measurements
Phase Measurements
Frequency and Period (Time) Measurements
Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance Measurement
Vector Impedance Meters
Chapter Summary
Problems
DIGITAL INTERFACES IN MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Introduction
The Sampling Theorem
Quantization Noise
Dithering
Digital-to-Analog Converters
The Hold Operation
Analog-to-Digital Converters
The IEEE-488 Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)
Serial Data Communications Links
The CAMAC (IEEE-583) Modular Instrumentation Standard, and the VXI Modular Instrumentation Architecture
Effect of Transmission Lines on the Transfer of Digital Data
Data Transmission on Fiber Optic Cables
Virtual Instruments
Chapter Summary
Problems
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Introduction
Digital Filters and the z-Transform
Some Simple DSP Algorithms
Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications
Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data
Chapter Summary
Problems
EXAMPLES OF THE DESIGN OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Introduction
A Self-Nulling, Microdegree Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors
Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High Voltage Coaxial Power Cables
Design of a Closed Loop, Constant Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter
Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY