Lasers and Optical Engineering

The objective of this textbook is to give an introduction to the subject of lasers and optical engineering on a level such that undergraduate students from disciplines such as electrical engineering, physics, and optical engineering can use the book. To that end, a much basic background material central to the subject is covered in optics and laser physics. Special emphasis is put on applications, including fiber optic cables, laser machining, audio and video disc players, printing and xerography, laser associated semiconductor processing, robot vision, and medical diagnostics.

I Geometrical Optics.- 1.1. Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics.- 1.1.1. Discussion of Waves.- 1.1.2. Snell’s Laws.- 1.2. Matrix Formulation of Geometrical Optics.- 1.2.1. Some Properties of Matrices.- 1.2.2. The Translational Matrix.- 1.2.3. The Matrix for Refraction.- 1.2.4. Matrix for a Simple Lens.- 1.3. Image Formation.- 1.3.1. Image Formation by a Thin Lens in Air.- 1.4. Complex Systems.- 1.4.1. Image Formation Using an Equivalent Thin-Lens Formulation.- 1.5. The Telescoping System.- 1.6. Some Comments About the Matrix Method.- 1.7. Apertures and Stops.- 1.7.1. The Aperture Stop.- 1.7.2. The Field Stop.- 1.7.3. Field of View.- 1.8. Radiometry and Photometry.- 1.8.1. Radiometry.- 1.8.2. Photometric Unit.- 1.9. Exact Matrices and Aberration.- 1.9.1. Exact Matrices.- 1.9.2. Exact Matrices for Skew Rays.- 1.9.3. Aberration.- 1.9.4. Spherical Aberration.- 1.9.5. Coma.- 1.9.6. Astigmatism.- 1.9.7. Curvature of Field.- 1.9.8. Distortion.- 1.9.9. Chromatic Aberration.- References.- II Physical Optics, Wave Optics, and Fourier Optics.- 2.1. Fundamentals of Diffraction.- 2.1.1. Maxwell’s Equations.- 2.2. Radiation from a Source.- 2.3. The Diffraction Problem.- 2.4. Different Regions of Diffraction.- 2.4.1. The Fresnel Approximation.- 2.4.2. The Fraunhofer Approximation.- 2.4.3. The Spatial Frequency.- 2.4.4. Summary of Formulas.- 2.5. The Fourier Transform.- 2.5.1. Physical Interpretation of the Fourier Transform.- 2.5.2. The Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform.- 2.6. Some Examples of Fraunhofer Diffraction.- 2.6.1. The One-Dimensional Rectangular Aperture.- 2.6.2. The Two-Dimensional Rectangular Aperture.- 2.6.3. One-Dimensional Aperture Centered at x = x0.- 2.6.4. One-Dimensional Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Light Shining at an Angle 6 with Respect to the Optical Axis.- 2.6.5. Some Discussion About the Free Space Propagation of Waves.- 2.7. Phase Transmission Functions and Lens.- 2.8. Fresnel Diffraction.- 2.8.1. Fresnel Diffraction and Lens.- 2.8.2. Diffraction Grating.- 2.8.3. Sinusoidal Gratings.- 2.8.4. Fresnel Diffraction Without Lens.- 2.9. Detection and Coherence.- 2.9.1. Detection.- 2.9.2. Coherency.- 2.10. Interference.- 2.10.1. Young’s Experiment.- 2.10.2. Interference due to the Dielectric Layer.- 2.10.3. Michaelson’s Interferometer.- 2.10.4. Interference by Multiple Reflections and the Fabry-Perot Interferometer.- 2.11. Holography.- 2.11.1. Photography.- 2.11.2. The Making of a Hologram.- 2.11.3. Reconstruction of a Hologram.- 2.11.4. The Gabor Hologram.- 2.11.5. Analogy with Radio and Information Storage.- 2.11.6. Some Comments About Holograms.- 2.11.7. Hologram Using Point-Source References.- 2.12. Physical Optics.- 2.12.1. Total Internal Reflection and Optical Tunneling.- 2.12.2. Reflection and Transmission Coefficients.- 2.12.3. Polarization.- 2.12.4. Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Ray Velocity.- 2.12.5. Propagation in Anisotropic Media.- 2.12.6. Double Refraction and Polarizers.- 2.12.7. The Electro-Optic Effect.- 2.12.8. The Acousto-Optic Effect.- 2.12.9. Optical Activity and Magneto-Optics.- References.- III Lasers.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Amplifier and Oscillator.- 3.3. The Fabry-Perot Laser.- 3.4. Laser Cavity.- 3.4.1. Cavity Stability Using Geometrical Optics.- 3.5. Gaussian Beam Optics.- 3.5.1. Gaussian Optics Including Lenses.- 3.6. Solution of the Cavity Problem.- 3.6.1. Frequency of Oscillation.- 3.6.2. Unstable Resonators.- 3.7. Photon, Stimulated, and Spontaneous Emission, and the Einstein Relationship.- 3.8. Light Amplifier―Population Inversion.- 3.9. Different Types of Light Amplifiers and Quantum Efficiency.- 3.10. Rate Dynamics of Four-Level Lasers.- 3.10.1. Optimum Output Power.- 3.11. Properties of Laser Light.- 3.12. Q-Switching and Mode Locking.- 3.12.1. Single-Mode and Multimode Lasers: Lamb Dip.- 3.12.2. Mode Locking of Multimode Lasers.- 3.12.3. Q-Switching.- 3.13. Lasers.- 3.13.1. The Gas Laser.- 3.13.2. Solid State Lasers.- 3.13.3. Dye Lasers.- 3.13.4. Semiconductor Lasers.- 3.13.5. Free-Electron Lasers and Cyclotron Resonance Masers.- References.- IV Applications.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Optical Instruments.- 4.2.1. The Lens Magnifier.- 4.2.2. The Telescope.- 4.2.3. Binoculars.- 4.2.4. Compound Microscopy.- 4.2.5. Beam Expanders.- 4.2.6. Photographic Lens Systems.- 4.3. Fiber-Optics and Integrated Optics.- 4.3.1. Introduction.- 4.3.2. Guided Light.- 4.3.3. Integrated Optics.- 4.3.4. Fiber-Optic Cables.- 4.3.5. Applications.- 4.4. Optical Signal Processing.- 4.4.1. Introduction.- 4.4.2. Optical Signal Processing Devices.- 4.4.3. Optical Matrix Processor.- 4.4.4. Fourier Optics and Spatial Filtering.- 4.4.5. Some Examples of Matched Filtering or Correlation.- 4.5. Laser Applications.- 4.5.1. Lower Power Laser Applications.- 4.5.2. Material Processing with Lasers.- 4.5.3. The Medical Applications of Lasers.- 4.6. Recent Advances.- 4.6.1. Optical Interconnections for Integrated Circuits.- 4.6.2. Optical Computing.- 4.6.3. Star War.- References.- Appendix Delta Function.- Supplemental References.