This book tells the inside story of Germany's first contributions to space research by experiments with artificial plasma clouds in space. In this autobiography, Gerhard Haerendel, former director at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, describes his 60 adventurous years in space research. The narrative of exciting events—covering 40 years of rocket and satellite work–is underpinned with accessible accounts of the actual physical phenomena and processes involved. The reader also learns about how the goals set by a visionary astrophysicist eventually led to one of Germany's first major contributions to space research by the creation of artificial comets in the solar wind.
Haerendel's efforts also led to two further satellite programs, one in partnership with Sweden, focusing on the aurora borealis, the other, a national German endeavor, to explore the outer border of the magnetosphere. A further interesting chapter concerns his engagement in the evaluation and restructuring of eastern German Academy institutes after reunification.
All readers interested in space research and its history will enjoy sharing the fascinating experiences and dramatic events that accompany the story throughout, even some spectacular failures relating to rocket campaigns.
After a humanistic school education, Gerhard Haerendel chose
to study physics with the intention of becoming a researcher in astrophysics. Commencing
as graduate student with Ludwig Biermann, the leading astrophysicist of that
time, he was soon "handed over" to Arnulf Schlüter, Germany's foremost
plasma theorist, as thesis advisor. Shortly afterward, the Max Planck
Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich under Werner Heisenberg set up
a research group for space research under Reimar Lüst, who hired Haerendel as
young theorist supporting the experimental program consisting of seeding
visible barium plasma clouds in space. In 1969, he was appointed leader of this experimental program and, three years later, became co-director of the Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics in Garching/Germany.
He led this program from simple sounding rocket experiments to international projects involving combined active and diagnostic payloads focusing on specific phenomena such as plasma instabilities
like equatorial spread F, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, auroral
acceleration, and finally to the ultimate goal of creating two artificial
comets in the solar wind, so far the only experiments ever of this kind. The latter step of this program was enabled by his group having acquired the competence to build entire satellite payloads.
This led naturally into participation in the global exploration of the
magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. The missions were conceived and carried out
as national programs under the control of the his institute, however with
strong international cooperation and support by NASA, ESA, and the Swedish
Space Corporation. He was strongly involved in the interpretation of
the data obtained and the development of pertinent theories.
He played a role in the creation of three major
research institutions, the European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT), the
Skinakas Observatory on the Island of Crete, and the International University
Bremen (IUB), now Jacobs University. He was involved in the evaluation of
Eastern German Academy institutes in geo-astrophysics and, as a follow-up,
created an external laboratory of his Max Planck Institute in Berlin for a
duration of five years. He served as chair or member of various advisory
committees including the European Space Science Committee (ESSC) of the
European Science Foundation and, for eight years, as president of the Committee
on Space Research (COSPAR). After retiring from his last job as the founding
dean of the School of Engineering and Science of the IUB, he devoted his time
to developing theories of geomagnetic processes, in particular the formation of
auroral arcs and the transfer of energy from thegeomagnetic tail to the
magnetosphere, and of various phenomena on the active sun.
