Mixed Categories

Our book on nominalizations in Quechua summarizes the work we have carried out on. this language over the last ten years. We are happy to offer it as a contribution to linguistic theory. For their interest, friendship and patience, we thank the numerous Quechua speakers who gave us access to their language, making it possible for us to reach an understanding of it which led us to writing this book. More specifically we would like to thank our Cuzco informants who contributed directly in the estab­ lishment of the data base on which our analyses are built: Angelica and Justo Leon Baca, Evaristo Vasquez, Felix Mamani, Jose Rodriguez, Lita Cancino Chac6n, Mercedes Ordonez Calder6n, Carlos Quispe Centeno. We want to thank students and colleagues in Amherst, Amsterdam, Cam­ bridge, Lima, Montreal, and Tilburg for fruitful discussions on several of the issues raised in this book; particularly, Hans den Besten, Reineke Bok-Bennema, Dan Finer, Anneke Groos, Ken Hale, Simon van de Kerke, Jaklin Kornfilt, James Pustejovsky, Felix Quesada, Henk van Riemsdijk, Tom Roeper, Gustavo Solis, Edwin Williams and the students of the seminar on nominalizations (UQAM, Fall 1983).

1: Introduction.- 1. Towards a Theory of Mixed Categories.- 1.1. Syntactic Categories and Their Projections.- 1.2. Morphology and Syntax.- 1.3. Case.- 1.4. Movement.- 1.5. Complementation versus Relativization.- 1.6. Nominalizations as Clauses.- 1.7. Modularity and Category Theory.- 2. Overview of the Structure of Quechua.- 2: Syntactic Categories and Their Projections.- 1. Nominalized Clauses versus Main Clauses.- 1.1. Features in Common.- 1.2. Differences between Main Clauses and Nominalized Clauses.- 1.3. The Syntactic Distribution of Nominalized Clauses.- 2. Nominalizations and the Syntactic Categories of Quechua.- 2.1. Nominalized Verbs and the Major Categories of Quechua.- 2.2. Projections from Major Categories and X’ Syntax.- 2.3. Parallels between N and V Projections in Quechua.- 2.3.1. AGR.- 2.3.2. Subjects in N? and V? Projections.- 2.3.2.1. Obligatoriness.- 2.3.2.2. The Distribution of PRO.- 2.3.2.3. Extraction of Subjects out of NP and S.- 2.3.2.4. Subcategorization.- 2.3.2.5. Small pro.- 2.3.2.6. Idioms.- 2.3.2.7. The Assignment of Thematic Roles.- 2.3.3. Is there a Syntactic VP?.- 2.3.3.1. VP can be Negated as a Separate Constituent.- 2.3.3.2. VP Constitutes a Domain for Case Assignment.- 2.3.3.3. Agreement.- 2.3.3.4. Complements of Perception Verbs.- 2.3.3.5. The Case Marking of Adverbs.- 3. Transcategorial Constructions.- 3.1. Review of Analyses Proposed for Transcategorial Constructions.- 3.1.1. Classical Generative Treatments of the English Gerund.- 3.1.2. The NP Dominating S Analysis.- 3.1.3. Recent Work on Transcategoriality.- 3.2. Our Analysis.- 3.2.1. Categoriality and Case.- 3.2.2. A Minimally Revised X’ System.- 3.2.3. Results for Nominalized Clauses.- 3.2.4. Results for Postpositional Phrases.- 3.2.5. Local Transcategoriality.- 3.3. Lexicalization of Transcategorial Constructions.- 4. Summary.- 3: Morphology and Syntax.- 1. Quechua Nominalizations and Their Morphology.- 1.1. Nominal Morphology.- 1.2. Verbal Morphology.- 1.3. The Morphology of Nominalizations.- 2. Affixes versus Clitics.- 2.1. The Status and Expression of Case.- 2.1.1. CASE, not P.- 2.1.2. Affix, not Clitic.- 2.2. The Status of the Other Inflectional Morphemes.- 2.2.1. Person and Number are Internal to Case.- 2.2.2. Person and Number Obey the Major Category Restriction.- 2.2.3. Allomorphy and Irregularity.- 2.2.4. Gaps in the Quechua Verb Paradigm.- 2.2.5. Idiosyncratic Ordering Restrictions.- 2.2.6. Interpretation.- 3. The Lexical Entry and Its Constitution.- 4. The Lexicon and Syntax.- 4.1. Morphological Control, the Head and INFL.- 4.2. Percolation.- 4.2.1. Case.- 4.2.2. Plural.- 5. Summary.- 4: Case.- 1. Case as an X? Phenomenon.- 2. Types of Case Assignment.- 3. Structural Case Assignment.- 3.1. Subjective and Objective Case.- 3.1.1. Main and Adverbial Clauses.- 3.1.2. Nominalized Clauses.- 3.2. Analysis.- 3.2.1. The Rules of Structural Case Assignment.- 3.2.2. A Case Feature System.- 3.2.3. The ø Case.- 3.2.4. Nominalized Verbs as Case Assigners.- 3.3. Conditions on Structural Case Assignment.- 3.3.1. The Adjacency Condition.- 3.3.2. The Case Resistance Principle.- 3.3.3. Government and Case Assignment.- 3.3.4. Case Assignment as Case Checking.- 4. Case Marking in Prepositional Phrases, Adjectival Phrases and Noun Phrases.- 5. The Case Filter.- 6. Summary.- 5: Move Case.- 1. Extraction Facts in Quechua.- 2. Raising as Move CASE.- 2.1. The Features of Raising.- 2.1.1. The NPs are Moved Outside of their Clause.- 2.1.2. Raising Leaves a Trace.- 2.1.3. Elements that can be Raised.- 2.1.4. Syntactic Conditions on Raising.- 2.2. Analysis of Raising Phenomena.- 2.2.1. Case Assignment to Raised NPs.- 2.2.2. A COMP-like CASE Position.- 2.2.3. Raising and Case Assignment into COMP.- 2.2.4. Raising as Move CASE.- 2.3. Case Theory and ?-Theory.- 2.3.1. Case Assignment without ?-Role Assignment by the Verb.- 2.3.2. Double Case Marking and the Uniqueness Criterion.- 2.3.3. Case is a Feature of Maximal Projections; ?- Roles are a Feature of Heads.- 2.3.4. Case Marking ?-Connectedness.- 3. Wh-movement as Move CASE.- 4. Move CASE and the Non-Configurational Properties of Quechua.- 5. Summary.- 6: Complementation Versus Relativization.- 1. The Structure of Relative Clauses.- 1.1. Problems Raised by the Construction.- 1.2. Time Reference.- 1.3. Headless Relatives: S’ or NP?.- 1.4. Headed and Headless Relative Clauses Related through Raising?.- 1.5. COMP as a Possible Position for the Understood Head.- 2. -q Relatives and Other -q Clauses.- 2.1. General Structure.- 2.2. The Position of the -q Clauses within the Matrix.- 2.3. Case Marking.- 2.4. -q Interpretation.- 3. Non-Subject Relative Clauses.- 3.1. Non-Subject Relatives and -na-/-sqa- Complements.- 3.2. The Position of the Understood Head and Case Floating Phenomenaq.- 3.3. The Position of -na-/-sqa- Relative Clauses within the Sentence and the Projection Principle.- 3.4. Why can there be no Subject Relative Clauses Formed with -na-/-sqa-?.- 3.5. Concluding Remarks.- 4. Free Relatives.- 4.1. Structure.- 4.2. Islandhood.- 4.3. Interpretation.- 5. Summary.- 7: Nominalized Clauses as Propositions.- 1. Clause Typology.- 1.1. Approaches in the Literature.- 1.2. Quechua Clause Types.- 2. Propositionality and AUX.- 2.1. There are no Lexical Auxiliaries in Quechua.- 2.2. The Quechua Tense / Aspect / Mood System.- 2.2.1. Tense.- 2.2.2. Aspect.- 2.2.3. Mood.- 2.3. Negation.- 2.4. Validators and AUX.- 2.5. AUX in Main versus Subordinate Clauses.- 3. Types of Tense in Quechua.- 3.1. The Formal Representation of Tense in Quechua.- 3.2. R-Transparency and T-Transparency.- 3.3. A Binding Theory for Tense in Quechua and the Structure of INFL.- 4. Clauses without INFL: Restructuring Verbs.- 4.1. Diagnostic Properties.- 4.1.1. Object Marker Climbing.- 4.1.2. NP Scrambling.- 4.1.3. Wh-Movement.- 4.1.4. Quantifier Float.- 4.1.5. Validation.- 4.1.6. Negation.- 4.1.7. Case Marking.- 4.1.8. Analysis.- 4.2. Verb Cluster Properties.- 4.2.1. What is the Nature of the Requirement of Adjacency of the Two Verbs?.- 4.2.2. Do the Two Verbs Form One Lexical Entry?.- 4.2.3. Do the Two Verbs Form One Thematic Unit?.- 4.2.4. A Syntactic Account of Restructuring.- 5. Predication and the Complements of Perception Verbs.- 6. Typology of Clauses Revisited.- 7. Summary.- 8: Module Interaction and Category Theory.- 8.1. Listing the Properties of Quechua.- 8.2. Relating these Properties to Each Other: Module Interaction.- General References.- Index of Names.