Part I Electron Diffraction, 1, 
Introduction to Part I By L. E. Sutton, 3, 
Structures Determined by Gas-phase Electron Diffraction By B. Beagley, 5, 
Introduction to Parts II and III By G. A. Sim, 41, 
Part II Neutron Diffraction By J. C. Speakman, 43, 
1 Introduction, 45, 
2 Hydrogen-bonding, the Water Molecule, and Related Topics, 45, 
3 An Asymmetric Bifluoride Ion, 52, 
4 Constrained Refinement, 53, 
5 Amino-acids, Peptides, and Other Molecules Related to Natural Products, 56, 
6 Inorganic Crystals, 61, 
Part III X-Ray Diffraction, 65, 
Chapter 1 Aromatic and other Analogous Compounds By A. F. Cameron, 67, 
Chapter 2 Intermolecular Interactions By A. F. Cameron, 89, 
Chapter 3 Saturated Hydrocarbons, Heterocyclic Analogues, and Derivatives By A. F. Cameron, 95, 
Chapter 4 Natural Products and Small Biological Molecules By G. A. Sim, 131, 
Chapter 5 Globular Proteins By T. L. Blundell, 201, 
Chapter 6 Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium By M. B. Hursthouse, 221, 
Chapter 7 Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum By M. B. Hursthouse, 226, 
Chapter 8 Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten By Lj. Manojlovic-Muir, 231, 
Chapter 9 Manganese, Technetium, and Rhenium By Lj. Manojlovic-Muir, 248, 
Chapter 10 Iron, Ruthenium, and Osmium By W. S. McDonald, 261, 
Chapter 11 Cobalt, Rhodium, and Iridium By Lj. Manojlovic-Muir and K. W. Muir, 297, 
Chapter 12 Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum By K. W. Muir, 331, 
Chapter 13 Copper, Silver, and Gold By W. S. McDonald, 359, 
Chapter 14 Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanides, and Actinides By M. B. Hursthouse, 394, 
Chapter 16 Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium By M. B. Hursthouse, 429, 
Chapter 17 Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead By M. B. Hursthouse, 446, 
Chapter 18 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth By M. B. Hursthouse, 459, 
Chapter 19 Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, and Tellurium By M. B. Hursthouse, 475, 
Chapter 20 Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and the Noble Gases By M. B. Hursthouse, 483, 
Chapter 21 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Caesium By M. B. Hursthouse, 486, 
Chapter 22 Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium By M. B. Hursthouse, 492, 
Author Index, 497,

CHAPTER 1

Part I

ELECTRON DIFFRACTION

Introduction to Part I : Electron Diffraction

BY L. E. SUTTON

This year, the section on electron diffraction is brief. Our intention and hope was that it should be much longer than it is; but the electron diffraction community is a relatively small one, its members are busy with all sorts of tasks and so, being somewhat exhausted, it was unable to repeat the effort made for Volume 1. We do, however, have a very useful chapter on Results, again contributed by Dr. Brian Beagley. Next year we hope to have a more normal-sized section.

The general remarks about conventions, especially the use of rg and the reporting of error, which were made in the Introduction to Volume 1, still apply.

Structures Determined by Gas-phase Electron Diffraction

BY B. BEAGLEY

1 Introduction

The previous volume (ref. 1, Chapters 2 and 3) reported structure determinations by electron diffraction mostly published before early 1972. The present chapter continues this work, covering the literature to mid-autumn 1973. More precisely, the coverage includes all relevant papers abstracted in Bulletin Signalétique up to and including the October 1973 edition, and all relevant papers found under the keywords ELECTRON DIFFRACTION or MOLECULAR STRUCTURE in Chemical Titles up to and including issue no. 19, 1973. As in ref. 1, parameters quoted are rg values, and error estimates are estimated standard deviations (unless otherwise stated); the Reporter has made subjective estimates where necessary.

The trend reported earlier (ref. 1, Chapter 4) of combining data from rotational spectroscopy with data from electron-diffraction studies, to give increased precision, continues to gain momentum, as many of the papers reported below will confirm. A discussion of the various kinds of structural parameters (rg, rα, rz, etc.) has been given in that chapter, and an extremely useful summary of the way in which they may be obtained and interconverted has been given in Chapter 12 of ref. 2. Other chapters of ref. 2 discuss various aspects of vibrational spectroscopy associated with the calculation of vibrational amplitudes, and review the literature of the subject, including coverage of numerical results. Other important work in this area includes new methods for the calculation of perpendicular amplitudes, which, as well as the better known parallel amplitudes, are required during the interconversions of the structural parameters mentioned above. Both types of amplitude are being used increasingly as fixed parameters in structure determinations, particularly where there are resolution problems. Ref. 2 also includes chapters on the interpretation and precision of gas-phase electron diffraction data, and some experimental results.

Conformational calculations are also being used increasingly in conjunction with electron-diffraction studies, primarily as corroboration of the results, but occasionally as constraints in the refinement (rather as rotational constants are often used). Considerable success in predicting molecular geometry by conformational calculations has been achieved (as comparison with the electron-diffraction results often shows); this is particularly so for molecules which are strained by steric factors or ring formation, i.e. where non-bonded interactions are important. However, conformational calculations are not entirely adequate in their present form, because exact forms of the necessary energy functions are not available.

The traditional wave-mechanically-based methods of rationalizing bond lengths in terms of changes in conjugation and hybridization (ref. 1, p. 64) are still proving of value. Of course, the various kinds of fuller wave-mechanical treatments continue to be applied to predict molecular geometry: e.g. the CNDO and CNDO/2 methods, and the ab initio method, although the latter requires a vast amount of computing time.

Where lone pairs of electrons are present the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is being increasingly cited to rationalize results. However, in cases where considerable electronegativity differences occur across bonds, there is a growing tendency to invoke electrostatic attraction as well as repulsion to explain their lengths (ref. 1, p. 95). The geometry of molecules having second-row atoms (especially Si, P, and S) adjacent to electron donors continues to be discussed in terms of π-bonding involving d-orbitals

2 Hydrocarbons

A new calculation of zero-point average parameters for ethane gives: for H3C-CH3, r0α = rZ = 1.5323 Å; for D3C-CD3, r0α = rZ = 1.5299 Å; for D3C-CH3, rz = 1.5310 Å. This work employs 'large amplitude theory' to deduce, using electron-diffraction and rotational spectroscopic data, whether D3CCH3 is geometrically distorted in the torsionally excited state; the conclusion is that the C-C bond is elongated by 0.0028 Å upon excitation, and [??] HCH decreases by 0.05°.

New work on propane and isobutane supersedes all earlier studies (ref. 1, p. 61). In propane, the C-C bond length is found to be rg = 1.532 [plus or minsu] 0.001 Å by electron diffraction alone; other parameters are C-H (mean) = 1.107 [+ or -] 0.002 Å, [??] LCCC = 112.4 [+ or -] 0.4°, and [??] HCH = 107 [+ or -] 3° in the methyl groups if the methylene [??]HCH angle is assumed to be 106.1°. Vibrational amplitudes were fixed at values calculated from spectroscopic data, and similarly calculated shrinkage corrections were applied. Rotational constants from microwave spectroscopy were used jointly with the electron diffraction data to give a zero-point average structure (rav, see ref. 1, pp. 61, [??] CCC = 112.0°, [??]HCH(CH3) = 107.9°, and [??]HCH(CH2) = 107.8°.

The new study of isobutane (1) also incorporated vibrational and rotational spectroscopic data, and gave rise to the rg and zero-point average structural parameters given in Table 1.

Comprehensive results for substituted ethylenes are now becoming available (Table 2; see also ref. 1, pp. 64 — 65). The authors of the most recent work draw attention to the possible trends in both C–C and C=C bond lengths which appear to increase as additional methyl groups are added, and they further note that the values of [??] C–C=C can be accounted for in terms of steric interaction between methyl groups. Distinguishing structurally between the geometric isomers (2a) and (2b) of 3-methylpent-2-ene has caused confusion in the past, and electron diffraction has now been used to assist the resolution of the prob1em. The isomer boiling at 70.4 °C has the so-called E-configuration (2a) and that boiling at 67.7 °C the Z-configuration (2b). The bond lengths and angles are largely in keeping with the trends discussed above. The authors discuss the possibility of non-planar arrangements around the double bond, but in both isomers the only carbon atom definitely out of the skeletal plane is C(5). Although lacking geometrical isomerism, related 2-methylbut-l-ene (2c) is a mixture of two conformers, one of which has C(4) in the skeletal plane (ref. 1, p. 66); in the pentene, extra steric factors presumably prevent the existence of a skeletally planar form.

Electron-diffraction studies show that cyclic molecules often have flexible rings, i.e. the rings possess at least one torsional degree of freedom. A theoretical analysis has been made of the geometric constraints in six- and eightmembered rings. It is shown that a six-membered ring with given bond distances and bond angles is rigid (no torsional degrees of freedom) unless it possesses a non-intersecting two-fold axis of symmetry, in which case it is flexible. (A non-intersecting axis is one which does not pass through any atoms or bonds.) Thus the chair form of cyclohexane is rigid with torsion angle τcccc related to bond angle θCCC by cos τ = -cos θ/(1 + cos θ), but the C2v boat form and the D2 twist form are members of a family of flexible forms which can be changed continuously into each other by changing the torsion angles. The eight-membered ring with fixed bond distances and bond angles, and with two torsion angles fixed at zero (e.g. cyclo-octa-1,5-diene) also exists in rigid or flexible forms, depending on the absence or presence of a non-intersecting two-fold axis. Molecules such as cyclo-octa-1,4-diene, for which such two-fold symmetry can only be approximately fulfilled, may also appear to be flexible.

The confusion reported in ref. 1 (p. 69) over the length of the C-C bond in cyclohexane has been resolved by the combined work of two groups; their averaged results are C-C = 1.53 [+ or -] 0.001 Å, C-H = 1.121 [+ or -] 0.002 Å and [??] CCC = 11 1.4 [+ or -] 0.1° (the larger value for C- C quoted earlier was in error). Other recent values for these parameters are: 1.530 [+ or -] 0.003, 1.123 [+ or -] 0.004 Å, and 11 1.1 [+ or -] 0.1°. The dihedral angles found by these two studies (according to the above constraint) are τcccc = 54.9 and 55.8°, respectively. In methylcyclohexane,16 the mean dihedral angle is 55.2 [+ or -] 0.9°, C- C (mean) = 1.529 [+ or -] 0.003 Å, [??] CCC(endocyc1ic) = 11 1.3 [+ or -] 0.3°, and [??] CCC(exocyc1ic) = 110.1 [+ or -] 1.0°. The methyl group occupies an equatorial position. The authors compare their concurrent studies of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, noting that conformational calculations predict a slight flattening of the ring in the methyl compound. Their results do not conclusively confirm this, but the dihedral angle observed in 1,l-dimethylcyclohexane [τ (mean) = 51.7 [+ or -] 1.0°] suggests a significant flattening when methyl groups occupy both equatorial and axial positions of a given carbon atom. 1,l-Dimethylcyclohexane has C–C (mean) = 1.535 [+ or -] 0.002 Å, and the [??] CCC lie in the range 106 — 115°, in agreement with conformational calculations. New work on cis-1,4-di-t-butylcyclohexane suggests that at 110 °C it exists as a mixture of approximately one-third chair and two-thirds non-chair forms, rather than in one flexible non-chair form (ref. 1, p. 69). The new work is noteworthy because of the manner in which conformational calculations of the Westheimer–Hendrickson type were used to provide geometrical and other constraints to facilitate the interpretation of the electron-diffraction data. The procedure employed published force fields in the calculation of minimum energy conformations and corresponding amplitudes of vibration. The results derived were used to calculate radial distribution curves for comparison with the experimental one. The best fit between calculated and observed curves corresponded to a mixture of all three minimum energy conformations, all of which have similar conformational energies. Although the composition of the mixture was somewhat sensitive to the force field used, considerable confidence in the qualitative results is possible because of the excellent agreement with the diffraction data. The mean C–C length (1.542 [+ or -] 0.003 Å) agrees with the result of the earlier study, suggesting longer bonds, on average, than in cyclohexane and n-paraffins.

A more precise determination of the structure of bicyclopropyl (ref. 1, p. 70) has been carried out, and the origins of the large torsional amplitudes of vibration about the central C–C bond have been more precisely defined. To do this, it was necessary to calculate vibrational amplitudes for the nonbonded distances as a function of the dihedral angle c about the central bond, from [empty set] = 0° (syn form) to [empty set] = 180° (anti form). In least-squares refinements of the structure, calculated intensities allowing for the torsional vibrations were derived by summing contributions from individual structures with different [empty set], using the calculated amplitudes appropriate to each [empty set] as fixed parameters. Individual structures were given weights according to the potentials assumed to govern the vibrations. Best agreement with experiment was achieved for a 1 : 1 mixture of anti and gauche ([empty set] = 49 [+ or -] 7°) forms, where the governing potentials are those of a square well and a Gaussian distribution, respectively. The square (flat-bottomed) well stretches for 100° on either side of the anti conformation, and the torsional amplitude about the gauche form is 15°. This conformational behaviour is well supported by the authors' own conformational calculations. The main geometrical parameters found for the molecule are C–H = 1.108 [+ or -] 0.006 Å, C–C(bridge) = 1.50 [+ or -] 0.03 Å, and C- C(rings) = 1.509 [+ or -] 0.006 Å.

Continued Russian work on cyclohexene (see ref. 1, p. 71) gives more precise values for the bond lengths: C(l)=C(2) = 1.341 [+ or -] 0.009 Å, C(2)–C(3) = 1.503 [+ or -] 0.009 Å and C(3)–C(4) = C(4)–C(5) = 1.535 [+ or -] 0.009 Å. On the basis of the analysis of ring constraints discussed above, trans-cyclo-octene, which has C2 symmetry, could assume either a rigid chair conformation (3a) or a rigid 'crossed' form (3b), because the two-fold axis passes through bonds in both cases. Only the chair form (3a) is observed, presumably because it has the lower energy. A least-squares refinement based on radial distribution curves gave the following bond distances : C–C(mean) = 1.538 [+ or -] 0.003 Å, C=C = 1.363 [+ or -] 0.008 Å, and C–H = 1.107 [+ or -] 0.002 Angstrom. A new study of cyclohepta-l,3-diene (4) confirms the C8 symmetry with all the ring atoms, but one, coplanar (see ref. 1, p. 73). The ring-puckering angle α is 64 [+ or -] 1° and the bond lengths are C=C = 1.348 [+ or -] 0.005 Å, =C–C= = 1.45 [+ or -] 0.01 Angstrom, =C–CH2 = 1.51 [+ or -] 0.02 Å, and CH2CH2 = 1.52 [+ or -] 0.02 Å. The ring lengths are not unlike those found in other cyclic 1,3-dienes and in related acylic molecules with butadiene-like conjugation.

In bicyclo[2,1,0]pentene (5), a close relative of unstable cyclobutadiene, the two planar rings are inclined at an angle of 114.5° compared with the 109.4° in bicyclo[2,1,0]pentane (6). In the pentene, C=C = 1.341 Å, =C–C = 1.511Å, CH–CH2 = 1.533 Å, and C–C(bridge) = 1.543 Å (all [+ or -] 0.004 Å); the latter is much longer than in the pentane. It was noted in ref. 1 (p. 76) that frequently a fused cyclopropane (cp) ring has the same conformation-determining effect as a double bond. For example : (a) bicyclo[2,1,0]pentane (6) and cyclobutene (7) both have planar four-membered rings; (b) the conformation of the six-membered ring of bicyclo[4,1,0]heptane (8) resembles that of cyclohexene (9). It is not surprising, therefore, that the conformation of bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-2-ene (10) resembles that of cyclohexa-1,3-diene (1 1). This bicycloheptene exists as a mixture of the forms (10a) and (10b) in the ratio 70% : 30 % ([+ or -] 5 — 10%) and has bond lengths comparable with those in related molecules: C=C = 1.345 [+ or -] 0.006 [Angstorm], =C–Ccp = 1.475 [+ or -] 0.015 Å, Ccp–Ccp (mean) = 1.508 [+ or -] 0.006 Angstrom, Ccp–CH2 = =C–CH2 = 1.55 [+ or -] 0.02 Å, and CH2–CH2 = 1.556 Å. The constrained planarity of the four-membered rings in cyclobutene (7) and bicyclo[2,1,0]pentane (6) relaxes in bicyclo[2,2,0]hexane (12) to a pucker of β = 12 [+ or -] 2° compared with the 35° unconstrained puckering in cyclobutane itself. Bicyclo[2,2,0]hexane has C2 symmetry, and a mean C–C bond length of 1.556 [+ or -] 0.002 Å; the values obtained for individual bonds are C–C (bridge) = 1.58 [+ or -] 0.02 Angstrom, CH-CH2 = 1.56 [+ or -] 0.01 Å, and CH2–CH2 = 1.54 [+ or -] 0.02 Å. The inter-ring [??] CCC at the bridgehead carbon atoms is θ = 113.5 [+ or -] 1.1°. There is evidence to suggest that despite the large uncertainties in the individual bond lengths, the bridge bond is the longest in the molecule; the authors support this assertion by reference to other molecules in which four-membered rings are fused together.

In bicyclo[n,1,1] systems, the cyclobutane (cb) puckering angle is constrained to be larger than the 35° of cyclobutane itself, when n is small. Thus in bicyclo[2,1,1]hex-2-ene (13) the puckering angle is 56.5 [+ or -] 1.3°, which may be slightly larger than the 45-55° observed in the corresponding bicyclohexane (ref. 1, p. 77). The hexene has C2v symmetry, with C=C = 1.334 [+ or -] 0.005 Å, = C–Ccb = 1.539 [+ or -] 0.0008 Å, and Ccb - Ccb = 1.551 [+ or -] 0.006 Å. Related tricyclo[3,3,0,02,6]oct-3-ene(14) has C =C = 1.35 [plus or minus] 0.01 Å, =C–Ccb = 1.50 [+ or -] 0.01 Å Ccb - Ccb = 1.58 [+ or -] 0.04 Å; the authors note that some of these values are quite different from those for corresponding bonds in tricycl0[3,3,0,02,6]octane (ref. 1, p. 78). The [3,1,1] system β-pinene appears to exist as a mixture of the forms (15a) and (15b), with form (15a) predominant (65% according to conformational calculations). However, the five atoms associated with the fourbond bridge are almost coplanar as in α-pinene (ref. 1, p. 78). The average C–C single bond length is 1.536 [+ or -] 0.008 Å.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Molecular Structure by Diffraction Methods Volume 2 by G. A. Sim, L. E. Sutton. Copyright © 1974 The Chemical Society. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.

CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.

Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.

Last amended May 2021.

Molecular Structure by Diffraction Methods

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Molecular Structure by Diffraction Methods Volume 2

A Review of the Literature Published between Early 1972 and mid-1973

The Royal Society of Chemistry

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