Nondestructive Characterization of Materials : Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Saarbrücken, FRG, October 3-6, 1988

Engineering structures for reliable function and safety have to be designed such that operational mechanical loads are compensated for by stresses in the components bearable by the materials used. Vhat is "bearable"? First of all it depends on the properties of the chosen materials as well as on several other parameters, e.g. temperature, corrosivity of the environment, elapsed or remaining serviceable life, unexpected deterioration of materials, whatever the source and nature of such deterioration may be: defects, loss of strength, embrittlement, wastage, etc. DEFECTS and PROPERTIES of materials currently determine loadability. Therefore in addition to nondestructive testing for defects there is also a need for nondestructive testing of properties. The third type of information to be supplied by nondestructive measurement pertains to STRESS STATES under OPERATIONAL LOADS, i.e. LOAD-INDUCED plus RESIDUAL STRESSES. Residual stresses normally cannot be calculated; they have to be measured nondestructively; well-approved elastomechanical finite element codes are available and used for calculating load-induced stresses; for redundancy and reliability, engineers, however, need procedures and instrumentation for experimental checks.

1. Research Programmes.- Presentation of the next BRITE-EURAM-Programme (1989–1992).- Materials Research-Programme of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT).- 2. Ceramics.- Properties, preparation and requirements to testing of ceramic materials.- Material characterization of ceramics by various nondestructive testing methods.- Requirements on nondestructive testing methods after machining of ceramics.- Ultrasonic nde of advanced ceramics.- Tomodensitometry with x- and gamma-rays.- Nondestructive density measurements in powder metallurgy and ceramics.- New developments for the ultrasonic characterization of materials.- 3. Composites.- Graphite-magnesium elastic constants: Composite and fiber.- Monitoring of anisotropic material elastic properties using ultrasonic receiving arrays.- Anisotropy measurements and indication of ply orientation in composite materials using holographic mapping of large amplitude acoustic waves.- Recognition of fracture modes and behaviour of composites by acoustic emission.- Determination of strength properties of injection moulded parts made from reinforced thermoplastics by acoustic emission.- Ultrasonic velocity measurements in porous materials.- Porosity characterization in thin composite plates by ultrasonic measurements.- X-ray diffraction scanning microscopy — a new method of nondestructive characterization of composites.- Nondestructive investigation of fibre reinforced composites by x-ray computed tomography.- Ultrasonic characterization of aluminium/epoxy composite materials.- Fibre and particle reinforced metal matrix composites: structure — production — properties.- Ultrasonic characterization of SiC-reinforced aluminum.- Ultrasonic propagation in metal-matrix-composites.- Thermomechanical behaviour of metal matrix composites.- 4. Polymers.- Correlation between manufacturing parameters and residual stresses of injection-molded polypropylene: an x-ray diffraction study.- Characterization of varnish layers using optically generated thermal waves.- Application of dielectric spectroscopy for nondestructive investigation of epoxy curing.- The investigation of mass transport through polyethylene with concentration waves.- 5. Texture.- Texture analysis — a method of non-destructive characterization of materials I.- Texture analysis — a method of non-destructive characterization of materials II.- Characterization of crystallographic texture in aluminum can stock by x-ray diffraction.- Non-destructive determination of materials parameters by neutron diffraction.- Computer aided optimization of an on-linetexture analyzer.- Characterization of rolling texture by ultrasonic dispersion measurement.- Nondestructive analysis of the deep-drawing behaviour of rolled sheets with ultrasonic techniques.- Lankford coefficient evaluation in steel sheets by an ultrasonic method.- Characterization of textures in plates by ultrasonic plate wave velocities.- 6. Microstructure, Stress State, Creep Damages.- Surveillance of material degradation by means of diffraction methods.- Grain-size measurements by spectral evaluation of line-scans in scanning acoustic microscopy.- Non-contact and nondestructive evaluation of grain-sizes in thin metal sheets.- The use of a contactless ultrasonic method for evaluating grain size in steel sheets.- Analysis of the effect of graphite morphology on the elastic properties of cast iron.- Effect of graphite aspect ratio on cast-iron elastic constants.- Ultrasonic determination of materials characteristics.- Real time cure monitoring and control of composite fabrication using nondestructive dynamic mechanical methods.- Characterization of the elastic behaviour of nanocrystalline materials by scanning acoustic microscopy.- Variation of the ultrasonic propagation velocity due to creep strain in austenitic steel.- Application of ultrasonic methods for the characterization of ZrO2 pellets.- Simultaneous residual stress and retained austenite measurement by x-ray diffraction.- Acoustic characteristics of porous materials in simple and complex state of stresses.- Crack inspection of railroad wheel treads by EMATs.- Computer aided threedimensional deformation analysis using holographic interferometry.- Practical application of ultrasonic stress analysis on thin walled components.- Stress field in a cold-rolled nickel plate deduced from diffraction experiments performed with synchrotron radiation at varied penetration depths.- A hybrid computer for phase images visualization and correlation based recognition.- Three dimensional surface representations of linear-elastic anisotropy in cubic single crystals.- Determination of shot peened surface states using the magnetic Barkhausen noise method.- Development of creep damages on heatresistant ferritic steel.- Nondestructive metallurgical investigations for the evaluation of turbines.- Early recognition of creep damages by means of nondestructive test methods.- 7. Electromagnetics.- The origin of nondestructive determination of characteristic material parameters using electromagnetic methods.- Progress in the micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis (3MA).- Detection of stress in steels from differential magnetic susceptibility.- Nondestructive characterization of austempered ductile irons.- Theory of eddy current characterization of magnetic conductors.- Nondestructive approach to characterizing the strength and structure of cast iron.- Nondestructive measurement of mechanical properties of steel plates.- Simultaneous electromagnetic determination of various material characteristics.- Nondestructive testing of forged components using CS-pulsed eddy-current technique.- Applications of capacitive array sensors to nondestructive evaluation.- Modelling of the electromagnetic field diffracted by an inhomogeneity in metal: A first step in magnetic imaging.- Comparative micromagnetic and Mössbauer spectroscopic depth profile analysis of laserhardened steel X210Cr12.- Characterization of cementite in steel and white cast iron by micromagnetic nondestructive methods.- In-situ ferrite content measurement of duplex steel structures in the chemical industry. Practical applications of the alternating field, magnetoinductive method.- Changes in magnetic and mechanical properties and microstructure during annealing of the stainless soft martensitic steel X 5 CrNi 13 4 (1. 4313).- Magnetic tangential field-strength-inspection, a further ndt-tool for 3MA.- A modulus for the evaluations of the dynamic magnetostriction as a measured quantity of the 3MA method.- 8. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).- A review of nondestructive characterization of composites using NMR.- Tissue characterization by NMR in medical diagnostics (published by Springer Verlag in Proc. of the Int. Symp. CAR 87(1987), p. 402–407).- 9. Instruments and Systems Process Control.- Instrument for the automated ultrasonic time-of-flight measurement — a tool for materials characterization.- EMUS-systems for stress and texture evaluation by ultrasound.- Fiber-optic based heterodyne interferometer for noncontact ultrasonic determination of acoustic velocity and attenuation in materials.- The 3MA-testing equipment, application possibilities and experiences.- Small neutron radiography systems and their applications.- Multiparameter magnetic inspection system for nde of ferromagnetic materials.- Development of new quantitative SLAM techniques for material evaluation.- Nondestructive characterization of material properties by an automated ultrasonic technique.- Industrial application of on-line texture measurement.- On-line measuring of technological data of cold and hot rolled steel strips by a fixed angle texture-analyzer.- Ultrasonic measurements of surface roughness.- Characterization of industrially important materials using x-ray diffraction imaging methods.- Ultrasonic characterization of cold welds.- Ultrasonic monitoring of the molten zone during float zone refining of single crystal germanium.- 10. Optical and Thermal Properties, Special Techniques.- Optical parameter effects on laser generated ultrasound for microstructure characterization.- Determination of the thermal properties of thin layers by a photothermal technique.- Laser speckle photography for the measurement of changes in refractive index in phase media.- Testing of coatings by means of acoustic emission.- Nondestructive characterization of mixed oxide pellets in welded nuclear fuel pins by neutron radiography and gamma-autoradiography.- Nondestructive characterization of a deformed steel using positron annihilation.- Ambulante elektrochemische Charakterisierung metallischer und metalloider Festkörperoberflächen.- Noncontact ultrasonic sensing of weld pools for automated welding.- Accurate determination of the focal spot size of a microfocus x-ray tube.- Characterization of ultrasonic probes with physical and parametric methods.- Mirage effect and optical reflectance: New improvements in nondestructive evaluation.- Closing Comments.