Origin of Cosmic Rays

The cosmic radiation was discovered by Hess in 1912 but its origin is still the subject of much controversy and considerable study. For several decades most workers in the cosmic ray field were interested in the Nuclear Physical aspect of the particle beam and many important dis­ coveries were made, notably the identification of the positron, the muon, the pion and the strange particles. More recently however, em­ phasis has changed to the Astrophysical aspect both with re8ard to the origin of the radiation and to its relation with the other radiation fields. Mindful of the increasing importance of the Astrophysical facets of the subject the Cosmic Ray Commission of IUPAP approached the High Energy Astrophysics Commission of the IAU with the suggestion of a joint Symposium on Cosmic Ray Origin. The plan was to bring together workers in all the various astronomical fields - from Radio, through Optical to Gamma Rays - with Cosmic Ray physicists and to fully explore the various interrelations. The approach was received with enthusiasm and this book contains the proceedings of the ensuing Symposium, (styled IUPAP/ IAU Symposium No. 94) which was held in Bologna from 11th - 14th June 1980. Virtually all the papers presented are reproduced here. The Scientific Organizing Committee chose the invited speakers whose papers formed the major scientific component of the meeting. Additional short contributed papers were also called for and very brief 2-page resumes (which have not been refereed) are given in the proceedings.

The Origin of Cosmic Rays (Introductory Remarks).- Review of Cosmic Rays.- Isotopes in Galactic Cosmic Rays.- The Charge and Isotopic Composition of Z ? 10 Nuclei in the Cosmic Ray Source.- Isotopes of Cosmic Ray Elements from Neon to Nickel.- Wolf Rayet Stars and the Origin of the 22Ne Excess in Cosmic Rays.- CR-39 Plastic Track Detector Experiment for Measurement of Charge Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays.- Supernova and Cosmic Rays.- What can we learn about Cosmic Rays from the UV, Optical, Radio and X-Ray Observations of Supernova 1979c in M 100?.- Very High Energy Cosmic Rays.- Diffusion of High Energy Cosmic Rays from the Virgo Cluster.- On the Detection of Heavy Primaries above 1014eV.- Interstellar and Intracluster Tunnels and Acceleration of High-Energy Cosmic Rays.- Features of the High Energy Electron Spectrum.- Ultra Heavy Cosmic Rays.- The Heavy Nuclei Experiment on HEAO-3.- Propagation Studies Related to the Origin of Cosmic Rays.- Interpretation of Cosmic Ray Composition: the Pathlength Distribution.- Are Stellar Flares and the Galactic Cosmic Rays Related?.- Extended Radio Sources.- Compact Radio Sources.- Nuclei of Galaxies: The Origin of Plasma Beams.- The Common Properties of Plerions and Active Galactic Nuclei.- Central Radio Sources in Galaxies.- A Self--Consistent Multiple Compton Scattering Model for the X and ?-Ray Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei.- Symmetry Breaking and Invariant Mass Approach to the Spiral Structure of Galaxies.- Neutrino Emission from Galaxies and Mechanisms for Producing Radio Lobes.- Particle Acceleration by Pulsars.- ?-Ray Emission from Slow Pulsars.- Distribution of Neutrino Fluxes from Pulsar Shells.- Distribution of Non-Thermal Emission in Galaxies.- Cosmic Rays and Galactic Radio Noise.- The All-Sky 408 MHz Survey.- The Large-Scale Distribution of Synchrotron Emissivity in the Galaxy.- Radio Emission from Nearby Galaxies at High Frequencies.- High-Density, Cool Regions of Interstellar Matter in the Galaxy.- Cosmic-Ray Self-Confinement in the Hot Phase of the Interstellar Medium.- Rayleigh Taylor Instabilities in the Interstellar Medium.- Nonlinear Landau Damping of Alfven Waves and the Production and Propagation of Cosmic Rays.- Cosmic Ray Antiprotons 5–12 GeV.- Anti-Protons in the Primary Cosmic Radiation.- The X-Ray Sky.- Quasar Contribution to the X-Ray Background.- Dynamical Behaviour of Gaseous Halo in a Disk Galaxy.- The Fluctuations of the Cosmic X-Ray Background as a Sensitive Tool to the Universal Source Distribution.- The Gamma-Ray Sky.- Gamma Rays from Cosmic Rays.- Cosmic Rays from Regions of Star Formation — I. The Carina Complex.- Cosmic Rays from Regions of Star Formation — II. The OB Associations.- Cosmic Rays from Regions of Star Formation — III. The Role of T-Tauri Stars in the Rho Oph Cloud.- High Energy ?-Rays from the Direction of the Crab Pulsar.- A New Kind of Gamma Ray Burst ?.- The Components of the Galactic ?-Ray Emission.- Gamma Rays from Galaxy Clusters.- High Energy Gamma Rays from Accretion Disc.- Search for X-Ray Sources in the COS-B Gamma-Ray Error Boxes.- The Acceleration of Galactic Cosmic Rays.- Cosmic Ray Acceleration in the Presence of Losses.- Cosmic-Ray Injection into Shock-Waves.- Shock Structure including Cosmic Ray Acceleration.- Selective Effects in Cosmic Rays Induced by Coulombian Interactions with Finite Temperature Plasmas.- High Energy Phenomena in the Sun.- Magnetospheric Processes Possibly Related to the Origin of Cosmic Rays.- On the Mechanism of Generation of Solar Cosmic Rays Enriched by Helium-3 and Heavy Elements.- On 3-He Rich Solar Particle Events.- Cosmic Ray Evidence for the Magnetic Configuration of the Heliosphere.- Concluding Remarks.- General Discussion.