Riassunto
Pentachlorophenol and its salts are used as biocides. Although they are used mainly for preservation and treatment of wood, their antimicrobial, antifungal, herbicidal, insecticidal and molluscicidal properties led to a widespread application of PCP formulations. Bevenue and Beckman reviewed the literature up to 1967 on the chemistry, toxicology and environmental residues of PCP (Residue Rev. , 19: 83- 134, 1967). Significant advances in analytical methodology, recurrent incidents of mortalities of non-target organisms exposed to PCP, regulatory actions pertaining to PCP usage in countries such as Japan and Sweden, and detection of the ubiquitous distribution of PCP in the environment, added to the wealth of recent literature on pentachlorophenol. In spite of the usage of PCP as an antimicrobial agent in drilling and packer fluids during oil-drilling operations in the marine environment, little is known of the toxicity of PCP to marine and estuarine organisms. The purpose of this volume is to present up-to-date information (including a number of new studies on marine and estuarine organisms) on the chemistry, pharmacology and environmental toxicology of pentachlorophenol. This volume is a collection of papers presented at an international symposium sponsored by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and The University of West Florida, held at Pensacola Beach, Florida, June 27-29,1977. I am grateful to Norman L.
Contenuti
I. Usage Patterns and Environmental Fate of Pentachlorophenol.- Patterns of Pentachlorophenol Usage in Canada — An Overview.- Patterns of Pentachlorophenol Usage in the United States of America — An Overview.- Photolysis of Pentachlorophenol in Water.- Degradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil, and by Soil Microorganisms.- The Fate of Pentachlorophenol in an Aquatic Ecosystem.- The Environmental Fate of 14C-Pentachlorophenol in Laboratory Model Ecosystems.- II. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Pentachlorophenol.- A. Metabolism.- Microbial Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol.- Fate of Pentachlorophenol in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus.- Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol in Fishes.- Studies on the Uptake, Disposition and Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol and Pentachloroanisole in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri).- Dechlorination of Pentachlorophenol in vivoandin vitro.- Pentachlorophenol in Different Species of Vertebrates after Administration of Hexachlorobenzene and Pentachlorobenzene.- B. Comparative Toxicology and Pharmacology.- Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and Related Compounds to Early Life Stages of Selected Estuarine Animals.- Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on Several Estuarine Animals: Toxicity, Uptake and Depuration.- Effects of Dowicide® G-ST on Development of Experimental Estuarine Macrobenthic Communities.- Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Meiobenthic Nematodes in an Experimental System.- Effect of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on the Feeding Activity of the Lugworm, Arenicola cristata Stimpson.- Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in Relation to the Molt Cycle.- Inhibition of Limb Regeneration in the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, by Sodium Pentachlorophenate.- Effect of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on Exoskeletal Calcium in the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.- Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Sodium Pentachlorophenate in the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in Relation to the Molt Cycle.- Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol on Respiration in Crustaceans.- Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and 2,4-Dinitrophenol on Hepatopancreatic Enzymes in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus.- Effect of Pentachlorophenol on the ATPases in Rat Tissues.- Effects of Sodium Pentachlorophenate on Survival and Energy Metabolism of Embryonic and Larval Steelhead Trout.- Results of Two-Year Toxicity and Reproduction Studies on Pentachlorophenol in Rats.- III. Chlorophenols and Their Contaminants: Chemistry, Toxicology, Environmental Residues and Environmental Impact.- Impurities in Commercial Products Related to Pentachlorophenol.- Genetic Activity of Chlorophenols and Chlorophenol Impurities.- Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Environmental Analytical Chemistry.- Human Exposure to Pentachlorophenol.- Survey of Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Urine from the General Population.- Health Implications of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Exposure in Primates.- Renal Effects of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.- Environmental Impact of Pentachlorophenol and Its Products—A Round Table Discussion.
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