Photoelectronic Imaging Devices : Physical Processes and Methods of Analysis

The past decade has seen a major resurgence in optical research and the teaching of optics in the major universities both in this country and abroad. Electrooptical devices have become achallenging subject of study that has penetrated both the electrical engineering and the physics departments of most major schools. There seems to be something about the laser that has appealed to both the practical electrical engineer with a hankering for fundamental research and to the fundamental physicist with a hankering to be practical. Somehow or other, this same form of enthusiasm has not previously existed in the study of photoelectronic devices that form images. This field of endeavor is becoming more and more sophisticated as newer forms of solid-state devices enter the field, not only in the data-processing end, but in the conversion of radiant energy into electrical charge patterns that are stored, manipulated, and read out in a way that a decade ago would have been considered beyond some fundamental limit or other.

of Volume 1.- 1 Introduction.- I Radiometry, Radiance, and Vision.- 2 Luminance, Radiance, and Temperature.- I. Introduction.- II. Photometric Standards and Derived Units.- III. Radiometric Quantities.- IV. Proposed Radiometric Standards.- V. Calibration Standards and Absolute References.- VI. Some Comments about Units and Nomenclature.- VII. Errors Inherent in the Use of Photometric Quantities for Nonvisual Measurements.- References.- 3 Natural Levels of Illumination and Irradiance.- 4 Visual Detection Process for Electrooptical Images: Man—The Final Stage of an Electrooptical Imaging System.- I. A Summary of Visual Perception Theory.- II. Fluctuation Theory.- III. Probability of Detection.- IV. Display Size, Brightness, and Object-Shape Effects.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Visual Systems for Night Vision.- I. Introduction.- II. Low-Light-Level Performance of the Eye.- III. Relative Performance of Binoculars at Low Light Levels.- IV. Relative Performance of Image Intensifiers at Low Light Levels.- V. Quantitative Performance of Image Intensifier Systems at Low Light Levels.- VI. Summary.- References.- II Basic Functions.- 6 Photoconductivity.- I. Introduction.- II. Lifetime, Transit Time, and Response Time.- III. Recombination.- IV. Trapping Effects.- V. General Photoconductive Phenomena.- VI. Ohmic Contacts.- VII. One-Carrier Space-Charge-Limited Currents.- VIII. Gain and Response Time for a Photoconductor.- IX. Photoconductivity with Blocking Contacts.- X. Blocking Contacts.- XI. P—N Junctions.- XII. Inhomogeneous Excitation: General Formulation.- Notation.- References.- 7 Photoemissive Cathodes: I. Photoemissive Surfaces in Imaging Devices.- I. Introduction.- II. Spectral Response.- III. Dark Current.- IV. Operational Characteristics.- V. Summary.- References.- 8 Photoemissive Cathodes: II. Recent Photocathode Developments with Emphasis on III–V Compounds.- I. The Development of Photocathodes.- II. Gallium Arsenide Photocathodes.- References.- 9 Noise Performances of the Channel Electron Multiplier.- I. Introduction.- II. Theory.- III. Effects of Multiplier Yield.- IV. Effects of Operational Parameters.- V. Experimental Observations.- VI. Implications for Channel Image Intensifiers.- References.- 10 Electron Optics.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Principles and Concepts.- III. The Electron Gun.- IV. The Electrostatic Focusing Lens.- V. Solenoidal Magnetic Focusing.- VI. The Electrostatic Image Section.- VII. Computational Analysis.- VIII. Electrostatic Field Computation.- IX. Magnetic Field Computation.- X. Ray Tracing.- References.- III Analysis.- 11 Specifications for Electronic Image-Forming Devices.- I. Introduction.- II. Present Situation.- III. Factors Influencing Observer Response Time.- IV. Need for Research in Real-Time Perception.- V. What and How Do We Specify?.- VI. The Brian-Smith Approach.- VII. Summary.- References.- 12 Transfer Characteristics and Spectral Response of Television Camera Tubes.- I. Introduction.- II. General Definitions.- III. Transfer Characteristic.- IV. Spectral Response.- V. Transferring from Radiometric to Photometric Units.- VI. Background Radiation Considerations.- VII. Conclusions.- Appendix: Which Relation, 1/4F2 or 1/(4F2 + 1)?.- References.- 13 The Modulation Transfer Function and Methods of Measurement.- I. The Modulation Transfer Function.- II. A Brief Review of General OTF Principles.- References.- 14 The Limiting Resolution of Low-Light-Level Imaging Sensors.- I. Ideal Low-Light-Level Sensors.- II. Real Low-Light-Level Imaging Sensors.- III. Low-Light-Level Television Camera Tubes.- IV. The Intensifier SEC Camera Tube.- V. The Image Orthicon.- VI. The Intensifier Image Orthicon.- VII. An Alternate Method of Determining Limiting Resolution.- VIII. Direct View Light Amplifiers.- IX. Radiometric versus Psychometric Units.- X. Limitations of the Analysis.- References.- IV Introduction to Systems.- 15 System Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. The Spread Functions.- III. The Cascaded System.- IV. The Optical Transfer Function and the Modulation Transfer Function.- V. Optical Systems and Evaluation.- VI. Noise.- VII. Electronic System Parameters.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 16 Electrooptical System Evaluation.- I. The Search Process.- II. Imagery and Image Transmission.- III. Determination of Pg(D|x1y1; xy; x0y0).- IV. Application.- V. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Backscatter Effects in Active Illumination Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. CW Illumination.- III. Pulsed Illumination.- References.