Physics for Computer Science Students : With Emphasis on Atomic and Semiconductor Physics

Intended for students of computer science and electrical engineering, this text is directed toward teaching the fundamental physics of how a computer works, while at the same time providing a broad and effective one-year introduction to classical and modern physics. The presentation includes many of the topics of a standard introductory physics course as well as the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, multi -electron systems, crystal structure, semiconductor devices, and logic circuits.

1 Physical Quantities.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Quantities and Units.- 1.3 Powers of 10.- 1.4 Accuracy of Numbers.- Problems.- 2 Vectors.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Vector Components.- 2.3 Unit Vectors.- 2.4 Dot Product.- 2.5 Cross Product.- Problems.- 3 Uniformly Accelerated Motion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Speed and Velocity.- 3.3 Acceleration.- 3.4 Linear Motion.- 3.5 Projectile Motion.- Problems.- 4 Newton’s Laws.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Newton’s Laws.- 4.3 Mass.- 4.4 Weight.- 4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws.- 4.6 Friction.- Problems.- 5 Work, Energy, and Power.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Work.- 5.3 Potential Energy.- 5.4 Work Done by a Variable Force.- 5.5 Kinetic Energy.- 5.6 Energy Conservation.- 5.7 Power.- Problems.- 6 Momentum and Collisions.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Center of Mass.- 6.3 Motion of the Center of Mass.- 6.4 Momentum and its Conservation.- 6.5 Collisions.- Problems.- 7 Rotational Motion.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Measurement of Rotation.- 7.3 Rotational Motion.- 7.4 Equations of Rotational Motion.- 7.5 Radial Acceleration.- 7.6 Centripetal Force.- 7.7 Orbital Motion and Gravitation.- Problems.- 8 Rotational Dynamics.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Moment of Inertia and Torque.- 8.3 Rotational Kinetic Energy.- 8.4 Power.- 8.5 Angular Momentum.- 8.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum.- Problems.- 9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Concept of Temperature.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Molecular Weight.- 9.3 Thermometers.- 9.4 Ideal Gas Law and Absolute Temperature.- 9.5 Kinetic Theory of Gas Pressure.- 9.6 Kinetic Theory of Temperature.- 9.7 Measurement of Heat.- 9.8 Specific Heats of Gases.- 9.9 Work Done by a Gas.- 9.10 First Law of Thermodynamics.- Supplement 9-1: Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistical Distribution.- Problems.- 10 Oscillatory Motion.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Characterization of Springs.- 10.3 Frequency and Period.- 10.4 Amplitude and Phase Angle.- 10.5 Oscillation of a Spring.- 10.6 Energy of Oscillation.- Problems.- 11 Wave Motion.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Wavelength, Velocity, Frequency, and Amplitude.- 11.3 Traveling Waves in a String.- 11.4 Energy Transfer of a Wave.- Problems.- 12 Interference of Waves.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Superposition Principle.- 12.3 Interference from Two Sources.- 12.4 Double Slit Interference of Light.- 12.5 Single Slit Diffraction.- 12.6 Resolving Power.- 12.7 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals: Bragg Scattering.- 12.8 Standing Waves.- Problems.- 13 Electrostatics.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Attraction and Repulsion of Charges.- 13.3 Coulomb’s Law.- 13.4 Charge of an Electron.- 13.5 Superposition Principle.- Problems.- 14 The Electric Field and the Electric Potential.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Electric Field.- 14.3 Electrical Potential Energy.- 14.4 Electric Potential.- 14.5 The Electron Volt.- 14.6 Electromotive Force.- 14.7 Capacitance.- Problems.- 15 Electric Current.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Motion of Charges in an Electric Field.- 15.3 Electric Current.- 15.4 Resistance and Resistivity.- 15.5 Resistances in Series and Parallel.- 15.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules.- 15.7 Ammeters and Voltmeters.- 15.8 Power Dissipation by Resistors.- 15.9 Charging a Capacitor―RC Circuits.- Problems.- 16 Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Waves.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Magnetic Fields.- 16.3 Force on Current-Carrying Wires.- 16.4 Torque on a Current Loop.- 16.5 Magnetic Dipole Moment.- 16.6 Force on a Moving Charge.- 16.7 The Hall Effect.- 16.8 Electromagnetic Waves: The Nature of Light.- Problems.- 17 The Beginning of the Quantum Story.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Blackbody Radiation.- 17.3 The Photoelectric Effect.- 17.4 Further Evidence for the Photon Theory.- Supplement 17-1: Momentum of the Photon.- Problems.- 18 Atomic Models.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Rutherford Model.- 18.3 The Spectrum Of Hydrogen.- 18.4 The Bohr Atom.- 18.5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment.- Problems.- 19 Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 De Broglie’s Hypothesis and Its Experimental Verification.- 19.3 Nature of the Wave.- 19.4 The Uncertainty Principle.- 19.5 Physical Origin of the Uncertainty Principle.- 19.6 Matter Waves and the Uncertainty Principle.- 19.7 Velocity of the Wave Packet: Group Velocity.- 19.8 The Principle of Complementarity.- Problems.- 20 An Introduction to the Methods of Quantum Mechanics.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 The Schrödinger Theory of Quantum Mechanics.- 20.3 Application of the Schrödinger Theory.- Problems.- 21 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Outline of the Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for the H Atom.- 21.3 Physical Significance of the Results.- 21.4 Space Quantization: The Experiments.- 21.5 The Spin.- 21.6 Some Features of the Atomic Wavefunctions.- 21.7 The Periodic Table.- Problems.- 22 Crystal Structures and Bonding in Solids.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Crystal Structures.- 22.3 Crystal Bonding.- Problems.- 23 Free Electron Theories of Solids.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Classical Free Electron (CFE) Model.- 23.3 Quantum-Mechanical Free Electron Model (QMFE).- Supplement 23-1: The Wiedemann-Franz Law.- Supplement 23-2: Fermi-Dirac Statistics.- Problems.- 24 Band Theory of Solids.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Bloch’s Theorem.- 24.3 The Kronig-Penney Model.- 24.4 Tight-Binding Approximation.- 24.5 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors.- 24.6 Effective Mass.- 24.7 Holes.- Problems.- 25 Semiconductors.- 25.1 Introduction.- 25.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors.- 25.3 Extrinsic or Impurity Semiconductors.- 25.4 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors.- 25.5 Photoconductivity.- 25.6 Compound Semiconductors.- Problems.- 26 Semiconductor Devices.- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Metal-Metal Junction: The Contact Potential.- 26.3 The Semiconductor Diode.- 26.4 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).- 26.5 Field-Effect Transistors (FET).- 26.6 Optoelectronic Devices.- Problems.- 27 Some Basic Logic Circuits of Computers.- 27.1 Introduction.- 27.2 Rudiments of Boolean Algebra.- 27.3 Electronic Logic Circuits.- 27.4 Semiconductor Gates.- 27.5 NAND and NOR Gates.- 27.6 Other Gates: RTL, TTL, and CMOS.- 27.7 Memory Circuits.- 27.8 Clock Circuits.- Problems.- 28 The Technology of Manufacturing Integrated Circuits.- 28.1 Introduction.- 28.2 Semiconductor Purification: Zone Refining.- 28.3 Single-Crystal Growth.- 28.4 The Processes of IC Production.- 28.5 Electronic Component Fabrication on a Chip.- 28.6 Conclusion.- Problems.- Photo Credits.