The Plant Viruses : The Filamentous Plant Viruses

The original aim of this book was to cover different aspects of the tradi­ tionally "filamentous" potex-, carla-, poty-, clostero-, and capilloviruses. The title The Filamentous Plant Viruses seemed the only suitable one, but it has led us to discuss also the quite different filamentous viruses of the rice stripe group-recently officially named the tenuivirus group­ which otherwise, indeed, might not have been conveniently covered in any volume of this series. The question must be asked: What is there new that justifies the presentation of a book of this kind? An outline of the answer may be Among the traditional filamentous viruses, much pro­ given as follows. gress has been made in elucidating the physical structure of potexvirus particles, and this work serves as an excellent model for discussion of and future experiments on the poty-, carla-, clostero-, and capilloviruses, which have comparable structures, although they are more difficult to manipulate. Work on the structure and strategy of the genomes of poty­ viruses is, however, relatively advanced and at a very interesting stage. The helper component that assists the aphid transmission of potyviruses has also recently received considerable attention, although the more we know about that, the less seems clear about the aphid transmission of the carlaviruses and closteroviruses, which apparently neither possess nor require a helper component.

1 Taxonomy of the Rod-Shaped Filamentous Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Potexviruses.- III. Carlaviruses.- IV. Potyviruses.- A. Taxonomic Problems.- B. General Characteristics of Potyviruses.- C. Subgroup 1: Aphid-Transmitted Potyviruses.- D. Subgroup 2: Fungus-Transmitted Potyviruses.- E. Subgroup 3: Mite-Transmitted Potyviruses.- F. Subgroup 4: Whitefly-Transmitted Potyviruses.- V. Closteroviruses.- VI. Capilloviruses.- References.- 2 Particle Structure.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- A. X-Ray Diffraction.- B. Electron Microscopy.- C. Other Methods.- III. Results.- A. Potexviruses.- B. Potyviruses.- C. Carlaviruses.- D. Closteroviruses.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Purification of Filamentous Viruses and Virus-Induced Noncapsid Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Purification of Filamentous Viruses.- A. Some Preliminary Considerations.- B. Sources of Virus.- C. Extraction.- D. Clarification.- E. Partial Purification.- F. Further Purification.- G. Yields.- H. Storage.- III. Virus-Induced Noncapsid Proteins.- A. Cytoplasmic Inclusions.- B. Nuclear Inclusions.- References.- 4 Serology and Immunochemistry.- I. Introduction.- II. Techniques and Tools.- A. Simple Precipitin Reactions in Liquid Medium.- B. Precipitin Reactions in Gels.- C. Immunoprecipitation Aided by Protein A.- D Agglutination Tests.- E. Immunosorbent Assays.- F. Immunoblotting.- G. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques.- H. Immunoelectron Microscopy.- I. Immunoadsorption Chromatography.- J. Miscellaneous Tests.- K. Monoclonal Antibodies.- III. Choice of Techniques and Tools for Specific Purposes.- A. Quick Identification.- B. Differentiation of Isolates.- C. Detection of Distant Relationships.- D. Classification of Viruses, Estimation of SDIs.- E. Large-Scale Routine Testing.- F. Estimation of Virus Concentration.- G. Detection of Unexpected Mixed Infections.- H. Detection of Contaminating Plant Proteins.- I. Purification of Viruses, Virus-Related Proteins, or Antibodies.- J. Localization of Viral Antigens in Tissues and Cells.- K. Structural Analysis.- L. Identification of in Vitro Translation and cDNA Expression Products.- IV. Serology of Individual Virus Groups.- A. Potexviruses.- B. Carlaviruses.- C. Potyviruses.- D. Closteroviruses and Capilloviruses.- References.- 5 Organization and Expression of the Viral Genomes.- I. Introduction.- II. Potexviruses.- A. Introduction.- B. Genome Structure.- C. Cell-Free Analysis.- D. In Vivo Observations.- III. Carlaviruses.- IV. Potyviruses.- A. Introduction.- B. Genome Structure.- C. Cell-Free Analysis.- D. In Vivo Observations.- V. Closteroviruses.- A. Introduction.- B. Genome Structure.- C. Cell-Free Analysis.- D. In Vivo Observations.- VI. Discussion.- References.- 6 Cytopathology.- I. Introduction.- II. Appearance of Virus Particles in Infected Cells.- III. Membrane Accumulations and Formation of Vesicles.- IV. Cytopathology Induced by Individual Groups of Filamentous Viruses.- A. Potexviruses.- B. Carlaviruses.- C. Potyviruses.- D. Closteroviruses, Including Capilloviruses.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Transmission by Vectors.- I. Introduction.- II. Viruses.- A. Potexvirus Group.- B. Carlavirus Group and Similar Viruses.- C. Potyvirus Group and Similar Viruses.- D. Closterovirus Group and Similar Viruses.- E. Capillovirus Group.- F. Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus.- G. Rice Stripe Virus Group.- III. Vectors.- A. Aphids.- B. Whiteflies.- C. Planthoppers.- D. Mealybugs.- E. Mites.- F. Fungi.- IV. Vector Relations of Aphid-Borne Filamentous Viruses.- A. The Feeding Mechanism in Aphids and Other Homoptera.- B. Feeding Behavior in Aphids.- C. Possible Role of Aphid Stylets in Virus Transmission.- D. Attempts to Detect Virus Particles in Aphids by Electron Microscopy.- V. Vector Relations of Mite-Borne Filamentous Viruses.- VI. Vector Relations of Planthopper-Borne Filamentous Viruses.- VII. Factors Affecting Transmissibility of Filamentous Viruses.- A. Vector Specificity.- B. Role of Helper Component Proteins in Aphid Transmission of Potyviruses.- C. Role of the Coat Protein in Aphid Transmission of Potyviruses.- D. Factors Affecting Aphid Transmission of Carlaviruses.- E. Factors Affecting Aphid Transmission of Closteroviruses.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Ecology and Control.- I. Introduction.- II. The Viruses and Their Ecologies.- A. Potexviruses.- B. Closteroviruses.- C. Carlaviruses.- D. Potyviruses.- E. Whitefly-Transmitted Filamentous Viruses.- F. Mite-Transmitted Filamentous Viruses.- G. Fungus-Transmitted Filamentous Viruses.- III. Virus Disease Control.- A. Methods Affecting Vectors.- B. Chemical Control.- C. Genetic Resistance.- D. Crop Management and Clean Stock Programs.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 9 The Rice Stripe Virus Group.- I. Introduction and Historical Background.- A. Rice Stripe Virus.- B. Maize Stripe Virus.- C. Rice Hoja Blanca Virus.- D. European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus.- E. Rice Grassy Stunt Virus.- F. Other Possible Members.- II. Particle Structure.- III. Properties of Particles.- A. Physical Properties.- B. Chemical Properties.- IV. Purification.- V. Serology and Immunochemistry.- VI. Virus—Host Relationships.- A. Symptomatology.- B. Host Range.- C. Inclusions.- D. Physiological Changes.- VII. Transmission.- A. Characteristics.- B. Effects on Insects.- VIII. Ecology.- IX. Control.- References.- 10 The Economic Impact of Filamentous Plant Viruses.- 10A Introduction.- 10B North America.- I. Climatic Conditions and Major Crops.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Filamentous Viruses.- References.- 10C South America.- I. Climatic Conditions and Major Crops.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Potentially Important Viruses.- References.- 10D Europe.- I. Diversity of Climate, Crops, and Practices.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Important Filamentous Viruses.- References.- 10E The Mediterranean.- I. The Region, Its Climate, and Crops.- II. Filamentous Viruses of Importance in Addition to the Top 10.- III. The Top 10.- References.- 10F The Middle East.- I. The Crops.- II. The Viruses.- References.- 10G The Indian Subcontinent.- I. Climate, Seasons, and Major Crops.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Important Filamentous Viruses.- References.- 10H Africa.- I. The Region and Its Filamentous Viruses.- II. Southern Africa.- III. Tropical Africa.- References.- 10I China.- I. Climate, Topography, and Crops.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Filamentous Viruses.- References.- 10J Southeast Asia.- I. Climate and Crops.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Important Filamentous Viruses.- References.- 10K Australia and New Zealand.- I. The Region and Its Viruses.- II. The Top 10.- III. Other Significant Filamentous Viruses.- References.