Riassunto
The aim of this book and the rationale behind writing it are twofold, and are born of experience in working in the field with geologists, builders, land scapers, and people in the construction and building trades in general. This author, in his capacity as a geologist, air photo interpreter, and surveyor, has been asked to consult on very simple tasks that should be a part of the general knowledge of nearly everyone in the building trades. There is a definite and clear need for a short, simple, well-illustrated, and concise book that treats problems encountered every day by people in the field, and for training such people. This is such a book. The primary aim of the book, then, is not to write about new knowledge in the areas of photogrammetry or mathematics, or to discuss the latest procedures in using complex electrooptical surveying devices, but to give the common, everyday worker in the field (and there are many of them) some assistance and guidance.
Contenuti
1. Trigonometry.- Angles and their Measurement.- Trigonometric Functions.- Using Tables of Trigonometric Functions.- Solution of Right Triangles.- Solution of Oblique Triangles.- “3, 4, 5” Triangles.- Computer Solution of Triangles.- 2. Some Practical Area and Volume Considerations.- Areas of Regular Figures.- Areas of Irregular Figures.- Areas of Circles and Circular Dimensions.- Areas with Curved or Irregular Boundaries.- Volume Calculations.- Areas and Volumes on the Computer.- 3. Surveying Accuracy and Precision.- Accuracy versus Precision.- Gauging Accuracy in Horizontal, Vertical, and Angular Measurements.- Techniques for Increasing Accuracy.- 4. Some Fundamentals of Photogrammetry.- Types of Aerial Photography.- Availability of Aerial Photographs.- Measurements on a Single Vertical Aerial Photograph.- Geometry and Viewing of Stereoscopic Pairs.- Vertical Measurements by the Parallax Method.- 5. Aerial Photography as a Surveying Tool.- Map Scale and North Direction.- Transferring Photographic Data to Planimetric Maps.- Other Uses of Aerial Photographs.- 6. Using Your Own Aerial Photography.- Photographs from Commercial Aerial Surveys.- Taking your own Photographs.- Aerial Photographs with a Hand-Held Camera.- Working with Oblique Aerial Photography.- 7. Some Fundamentals of Surveying.- Distance Measurements.- Angle Measurements.- Leveling.- 8. Project Layout and Planning.- Locating a Structure on a Plot.- Squaring up and Checking Foundation Layouts.- Establishing Elevations and Preserving Corner Locations.- Earthwork.- Route Surveys.- Layout of Curves.- 9. Map Surveying.- Control.- Planimetric Mapping.- Topographic Mapping.- Profiles from Topographic Maps.- Uses of Contour Lines.- Appendix A.- Table A-1. Natural Sines and Cosines.- Table A-2. Natural Tangents and Cotangents.- Table A-3. Stadia Reduction Tables.- Table A-4. Tangents and External Distances for Circular Curves.- Table A-5. Direction of Angle a and Distance r from PI to First (or Third) Quarter Point of a Circular Curve.- Appendix B.- Instructions for Using Computer Programs.- Appendix C.- Trigonometric Formulae (Right Triangles).- Trigonometric Formulae (Oblique Triangles).- Appendix D.- Table D-1. Converting Inches into Decimals of a Foot.- Table D-2. Minutes of Arc in Decimals of a Degree.- Table D-3. Decimal Equivalents of Inch Fractions.- Table D-4. Ground Distances at Various Map Scales.- Table D-5. Conversion Factors.- Appendix E.- 1. Geometric Field Constructions.- 2. Some Additional Field Techniques with a Transit.- Appendix F.- True North Versus Magnetic North.- Useful References.
Le informazioni nella sezione "Su questo libro" possono far riferimento a edizioni diverse di questo titolo.
