Riassunto
With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences. The present volume includes reviews on genetics, cell biology, physiology, comparative morphology, systematics, ecology, and vegetation science.
Contenuti
A. Structural Botany.- I. General and Molecular Cytology: The Cytoskeleton: Microtubules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Organization.- 3. Assembly.- 4. Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOC’s).- 5. Methods of Microtubule Visualization.- 6. Establishment and Maintenance of Cell Shape.- 7. Microtubules and Intracellular Transport.- a) Spindle Formation and Chromosomal Movements During Mitotic Prophase and Metaphase.- b) Sister-Chromosome Separation and Movement During Anaphase.- c) Role of Microtubules in Organelle Movement and Positioning.- 8. Microtubules in the Flagellar Apparatus.- a) Structural and Molecular Properties.- b) Sliding Mechanism.- 9. Antimicrotubular Agents.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Cell Shape, Cell Differentiation.- a) Myxobacterial Fruiting Bodies.- b) Cell Shape.- 2. Cell Envelope.- a) Surface Layers.- b) Cell Wall of Cyanobacteria.- c) Cell Wall of Eubacteria.- d) Cell Wall Growth.- 3. Cytoplasmic and Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- a) Membranes of Photosynthetic Bacteria.- b) Membranes of Other Bacteria.- c) Bacterial Flagellum.- References.- III. Cytosymbiosis.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Prokaryotes as Cytosymbionts.- a) Agrobacterium and Rhizobium.- b) Other Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria as Cytosymbionts.- c) Endocyanomes.- 3. Eukaryotic Endocytosymbionts.- a) Eukaryotic Phototrophic Cytosymbionts.- b) Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Cytosymbionts.- 4. Special Forms of Cytosymbiosis.- a) Transfer of Nuclei by Parasitic Red Algae.- b) Chloroplast Cytosymbiosis.- 5. The Endosymbiont Hypothesis: Present State.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant.- 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpirational Water Loss.- 4. Effects of Water Relations on Germination and Growth.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- ?) Carbon Metabolism.- ß) Nitrogen Metabolism.- ?) Phytohormones.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Implications of Waterlogged Conditions.- 7. Aspects of Applied Water Biology.- 8. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 9. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- a) Cyanobacteria and Algae.- b) Mycophyta, Including Lichens.- c) Bryophyta and Cormophyta.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition: Sources of Nutrients for Land Plants from Outside the Pedosphere.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Atmosphere as a Source of Plant Nutrients.- a) Rainfall and Canopy Throughfall.- b) Distinction Between Wet and Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange.- c) Occult Precipitation.- d) Pollutant Gases as Sources of Plant Nutrients.- ?) SO2 and H2S.- ß) Oxides of Nitrogen.- ?) NH3.- 3. Salt Spray by Sea Wind and Mineral Nutrition of Plants.- 4. Epiphytes.- 5. Dinitrogen Fixation in the Phyllosphere.- 6. Animals as Sources of Nutrients.- a) Ant Gardens.- b) The Carnivorous Habit.- References.- III. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: By Day and by Night.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inorganic Carbon Uptake.- 3. A Pot-Pourri of Observations with Isolated Intact Chloroplasts.- 4. RuBP Carboxylase.- 5. Enzymes by Day and by Night.- 6. Respiration by Night and by Day.- 7. Fructose-2,6-P2 Regulation of Cytosolic Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 8. Starch Metabolism.- 9. Lipid Biosynthesis.- 10. Nitrogen Assimilation.- 11. C4 Pathway.- a) PEP Carboxylase.- b) Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase.- c) Other Enzymes.- d) Inter- and Intracellular Distinctions.- 12. C3-C4 Intermediates.- 13. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- a) PEP Carboxylase.- b) Malate Fluctuations.- c) Other Enzymes.- d) Phases and Rhythms.- e) CAM in Rainforests, Bogs and Under Water.- References.- IV. Metabolism of Organic N-Compounds.- 1. Photorespiratory Nitrogen Metabolism.- 2. Asparagine.- a) Biosynthesis.- b) Metabolism.- 3. Ureides.- a) Biosynthesis.- b) Breakdown.- 4. Amino Acids.- a) Methionine.- b) Aromatic Amino Acids.- c) Branched Chain Amino Acids.- d) D-Amino Acids.- References.- V. Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regulation of Sulfate Uptake.- 3. Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Sulfate Assimilation.- a) ATP-Sulfurylase.- b) APS-Sulfotransferase.- c) APS-Kinase.- d) PAPS-Sulfotransferases.- e) Sulfonucleotide Degradation.- f) Reduction of Carrier-Bound Sulfide.- g) Sulfite Reductase.- h) Cysteine Synthase.- i) Serine Transacetylase.- 4. Localization of Enzymes for Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction.- 5. Regulation of Enzymes Involved in Cysteine Metabolism.- a) Methionine Formation.- b) Cysteine Oxidation to Cystine.- c) Reduction of Cystine to Cysteine.- d) Cystine Lyase.- e) L-Cysteine Lyases.- f) D-Cysteine Desulfhydrase Activity.- g) ß-Cyanoalanin Synthetase.- h) ß-Mercaptopyruvate-Sulfotransferase.- i) Thiosulfate Reductase Activity.- j) Cysteine-Activated Proteinases.- 6. Glutathione Metabolism.- 7. Metabolism of Methionine.- 8. Emission of Reduced Sulfur Compounds.- 9. Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds.- 10. Sulfolipid Formation and Metabolism.- 11. Generalized Scheme for a Dual Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances: Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Indole Alkaloids by Cell Cultures.- 3. Compartmentation and Accumulation of Indole Alkaloids.- 4. Biosynthesis of the Terpenoid Precursor Portion.- 5. Biosynthesis of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids.- 6. Bisindole Alkaloids.- 7. Quinine and Related Bases.- References.- VII. Growth.- 1. Auxins.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination, Occurrence.- c) Biosynthesis.- d) Catabolism.- e) Transport.- f) Mode of Action.- ?) Acid Growth Hypothesis.- ß) RNA- and Protein Synthesis.- ?) Binding Sites.- 2. Ethylene.- a) Reviews.- b) Biosynthesis and Its Regulation.- c) Molecular and Physiological Aspects.- References.- VIII. Developmental Physiology.- 1. Phytochrome.- a) Molecular Properties.- b) Phototransformation.- c) Primary Reactions.- d) Phytochrome Synthesis.- e) Gene Expression.- f) Interactions Between Phytochrome and Phytohormones.- 2. Blue Light Photoreceptor.- a) Higher Plants.- b) Fungi.- c) Primary Action.- ?) Activation of a Mixed-Function Oxidase.- ß) Proton Extrusion.- ?) E/Z Hypothesis.- d) Gene Expression.- e) Co-Action of Blue Light Receptor and Phytochrome.- 3. UV-B Photoreceptor.- 4. Calcium, Calmodulin.- a) Change of Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentrations by Environmental Stimuli.- b) Calmodulin.- c) Calmodulin-Regulated Proteins.- d) Calmodulin-Mediated Physiological Responses.- e) Conclusion.- 5. Oligosaccharins.- References.- IX. Gravi- and Phototropism of Higher Plants.- 1. Gravitropism.- a) Roots.- ?) Structural Aspects.- ß) Susception, Perception and Transmission.- ?) Graviresponse.- b) Shoots.- ?) Graviperception.- ß) Graviresponse.- 2. Phototropism.- a) Site of Perception.- b) Blue Light (BL) Perception and Response.- c) Red Light (RL) Effects and Interactions with BL Responses.- d) Growth Regulation During Phototropic Response.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regulation of the Initiation of DNA Replication.- 3. Partitioning of Genomes.- 4. Plasmid Incompatibility.- 5. Coordination of Replication and Cell Division.- 6. Outlook.- References.- II. Recombination: Recombination in Cyanobacteria and Lower Plants After Vector-Mediated DNA Transfer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vectors for DNA Transformation.- 3. Transformation Systems.- a) Cyanobacteria.- b) Algae.- c) Fungi.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- III. Function of the Genetic Material: Structure and Function of Elements Controlling Transcription in Lower Eukaryotes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. DNA Segments Controlling Transcription Initiation.- 3. Promoter Elements Regulating Transcription.- 4. Negative Control of Transcription.- 5. Transcriptional Control by Insertion of Repetitive Elements in Yeast.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Extrakaryotic Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3. Mitochondrial Plasmids.- References.- V. Phytopathology.- a) Host-Parasite Interactions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Terms.- 3. Genetics of Phythogenicity.- a) Gene-for-Gene Concept.- b) Molecular Genetics.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of the Algae.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Cyanobacteria.- a) Reviews.- b) Molecular Evolution.- c) Taxonomy 2.- d) Prochloron.- 3. Rhodophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Taxonomy.- c) Life History.- d) Cellular Organization.- 4. Dinophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Cellular Organization.- c) Life History.- d) Taxonomy.- 5. Cryptophyceae.- 6. Prymnesiophyceae.- 7. Eustigmatophyceae.- 8. Tribophyceae.- 9. Raphidophyceae.- 10. Chrysophyceae.- 11. Diatomophyceae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Cellular Organization and Life Histories.- c) Taxonomy.- 12. Fucophyceae.- 13. Chlorarachniophyceae.- 14. Euglenophyceae.- 15. Glaucocystophyceae.- 16. Green Algae.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) “Prasinophyceae”.- c) “Charophyceae”.- d) “Ulvophyceae”.- e) “Chlorophyceae”.- f) Taxa of Uncertain Affinities.- References.- II. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Fungi.- 1. General Considerations, Phylogeny and Ecology.- a) Development of Fruit-bodies.- b) Chemotaxonomy.- c) Fossil Fungi.- Fungis-Like Protoctista.- 2. Myxomycota.- 3. Oomycota.- 4. Chytridiomycota.- Fungi sensa stricto.- 5. Zygomycota.- a) Zygomycetes.- b) Trichomycetes.- 6. Ascomycota.- a) Hemiascomycetes.- b) Euascomycetes.- 7. Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota).- a) Coelomycetes.- b) Hyphomycetes.- 8. Basidiomycota.- a) General Aspects.- b) Phragmobasidiomycotina (Heterobasidiomycetes).- c) Holobasidiomycetes.- References.- III. Systematics of Lichenized Fungi.- 1. Morphology of the Mycobiont.- 2. Morphology of the Phycobiont.- 3. Ontogenetic Studies.- 4. Chemistry.- 5. Taxonomy.- 6. Floristics.- 7. Phytosociology and Ecology.- 8. Chorology.- 9. Herbaria and Bibliographies.- References.- IV. Systematics of the Pteridophytes.- 1. Systematics.- 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature.- 3. Floristics.- 4. Geography and Ecology.- 5. Morphology and Anatomy.- 6. Chemotaxonomy.- 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization.- 8. Folklore, Uses.- 9. Fern Allies.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Paleoclimatology.- 2. History of Distribution Areas.- 3. Formation and Development of Peat Bogs.- 4. Paleoecology.- a) General Problems.- b) River Activity.- c) The Impact of Man.- 5. Paleoethnobotany.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociobiological Geobotany).- 1. General Trends.- 2. Monographs and Bibliographies...- 3. General Results and Methods.- a) Vegetation Dynamics.- b) Vegetation Mapping.- c) Numerical Methods.- 4. Application for Nature Protection, Nature Conservation, and Landscape Ecology.- 5. Vegetation of the Boreal Zone.- 6. Vegetation of the Temperature and Adjacent Regions….- a) Generalia.- b) Temperate European Forests.- c) Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation, Mires.- d) Coastal Vegetation in Europe and North America….- e) Semi-Natural Grasslands and Dwarf Shrub Heaths….- f) Ruderal and Urban Vegetation.- 7. Vegetation of the Meridional Zone and Adjacent Regions.- a) Forest Vegetation in Europe and Eastern Asia.- b) Steppe and Garigues Vegetation in Europe and Asia.- 8. Vegetation of Subtropical and Tropical Areas.- a) Semi-Arid Areas in Arabia and Africa.- References.- III. Ecological Geobotany/Autecology.- 1. General.- 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.- a) Climate.- b) Temperature.- c) Light (Radiation).- d) Carbon Dioxide.- e) Water.- f) Soil (Mainly Mineral Nutrients).- g) Other Chemical Factors and Factor Combinations….- ?) Gaseous Pollutants, Wet and Dry Depositions….- ß) Heavy Metals.- ?) Salinity.- ?) Mechanical Factors.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Xylem: Structure and Function.- 1. General.- 2. Structure and Differentiation.- a) Tracheary Element Differentiation.- ?) Cell Wall Formation, Pits.- ß) Cell Wall Enzymes and Lignin Biosynthesis….- ?) Hormonal Control.- b) Xylem Formation in the Plant.- c) Vascularization of Various Organs.- d) Variations in Xylem Anatomy.- ?) Systematic Anatomy.- ß) Ecological Anatomy.- ?) Variations Within Species.- ?) Length of Vessels.- ?) Anomalous Structures, Vestures, Trabeculae.- 3. Functional Aspects.- a) Xylem Structure in Relation to Water Conduction.- ?) Hydraulic Conductivity, Leaf Specific Conductivity (=LSC).- ß) Embolism of Tracheary Elements.- b) Xylem Sap Pressure and Spring Sap Flow.- c) Translocation in Tracheary Elements.- References.- II. Symbiosen: Mykorrhiza.- a) Ektomykorrhiza.- 1. Symbiosepartner.- 2. Anatomie.- 3. Physiologie.- 4. Ökologie.- 5. Ektomykorrhiza und Waldschäden.- Literatur.- b) Endomycorrhizae.- 1. VA-Mycorrhizae.- a) Taxonomy of Endophytes.- b) Histology.- c) Physiology and Effects on Plants.- d) Ecology.- e) Use in Plant Production.- 2. Ericales ― Mycorrhizae.- 3. Orchidaceae ― Mycorrhizae.- References.- Plant Name Index.
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