Promises in the Promised Land: Mobility and Inequality in Israel

From its beginning as an independent state, Israel has been beset by the divisions and tensions that characterize most ethnically mixed societies. Kraus and Hodge investigate the process of stratification in Israel and document what happened to Arabs as well as to Jewish immigrants and their children in the Promised Land by tracing not just the socioeconomic locations, but also the proximate social determinants of the locations of significant ethnic, cultural, gender, and religious groups. The first extensively detailed analysis to account for status attainment in Israel, this work contributes to a general understanding of the status-attainment process in ethnically heterogeneous societies by focusing on the experience of immigrants as they carved out careers in their homeland. By generalizing the results for Israel, the authors contend, the study illustrates processes that occurred during periods of sustained immigration in the United States and other ethnically and religiously heterogeneous populations for which relevant data can no longer be collected. Many of the research findings about Israeli society have significant implications for social policy in Israel and elsewhere.

The investigation begins with a brief review of relevant recurring themes in the sociological literature with particular reference to the functional theory of stratification to provide a theoretical background for the study--the authors' novel analyses have not been reported elsewhere. Chapter 2 provides the social context by presenting a picture of Israeli society and its development. The extension of the scope of functional theory is worked out in chapter 3 which develops a basic model of the status-attainment process in Israeli society. Chapters 4 through 6 propose two alternative hypotheses for ethnic stratification in Israel and test them by examining the attainment process in the two main Jewish ethnic groups. Chapter 7 discusses the two hypotheses by distinguishing between Arabs and Jewish ethnic groups. In chapter 8 the attainment processes of ethnic and gender groups are examined. Kraus and Hodge conclude with an overview of findings and places the Israeli case in comparative perspective. Promises in the Promised Land will be of interest to students of Israeli society and to scholars concerned with issues of racial and ethnic stratification, immigration, and status-attainment processes. Informal Israel watchers of all backgrounds and persuasions as well as policy-makers, especially those working in multiethnic societies where national policy can impact profoundly on sociocultural integration, will find the insights offered here of particular value.

VERED KRAUS is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Haifa, Israel. She has, since 1971, contributed articles and chapters to numerous publications including Social Forces, Sociology and Social Research, Social Science Quarterly, Sociology Inquiry, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and many others.

ROBERT W. HODGE was Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His main areas of interest were social stratification, occupational mobility, and methodology. His last research was on marriage and fertility in Japan. He has published in American Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces, and many other journals.

VERED KRAUS is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Haifa, Israel. She has, since 1971, contributed articles and chapters to numerous publications including Social Forces, Sociology and Social Research, Social Science Quarterly, Sociology Inquiry, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and many others.

ROBERT W. HODGE was Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His main areas of interest were social stratification, occupational mobility, and methodology. His last research was on marriage and fertility in Japan. He has published in American Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces, and many other journals.