Quantitative Methods for Current Environmental Issues

This volume is a proceedings comprising contributions from leading researchers in the field who present the most up-to-date and practical methods for analysing and solving important environmental problems.

I. Spatial and Temporal Models and Methods.- 1 Modeling Spatio-Temporally Misaligned Areal and Point Process Environmental Data.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Misaligned Areal Data Model Development.- 1.3 Example: Radon Exposure near an Ohio Contamination Source.- 1.4 Misaligned Point-Block Data Model Development.- 1.5 Example: Ozone Exposure by Zip Code in Atlanta.- 1.6 Summary and Discussion.- References.- 2 Space and Space-Time Modeling using Process Convolutions.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Constructing Spatial Models via Moving Averages.- 2.3 Basic Spatial Model.- 2.4 A Multiresolution Model.- 2.5 Building Space-Time Models.- 2.6 Discussion.- References.- 3 Multivariate Kriging for Interpolating with Data from Different Sources.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Data from Different Sources.- 3.3 Simple and Ordinary Cokriging.- 3.4 Cokriging with External Drifts.- 3.5 Cokriging Neighborhood.- 3.6 Ebro Case Study.- References.- II. Environmental Sampling and Standards.- 4 Distance Sampling: Recent Advances and Future Directions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Standard Distance Sampling Methods.- 4.3 Covariate Models for the Detection Function.- 4.4 Double-Platform Methods.- 4.5 Spatial Distance Sampling Models.- 4.6 Indirect Distance Sampling Surveys.- 4.7 Automated Design Algorithms.- 4.8 Adaptive Distance Sampling.- 4.9 The Software Distance.- 4.10 State-Space Models for Trend.- 4.11 Discussion.- References.- 5 Setting Environmental Standards: A Statistical Approach.- 5.1 Background.- 5.2 Setting a Statistically Verifiable Ideal Standard.- 5.3 A Best Linear Unbiased Quantile Estimator.- 5.4 Example: Copper Levels in River Water.- 5.5 Conclusion.- References.- III. Atmosphere and Ocean.- 6 The Interpretation and Validation of Measurements of the Ocean Wave Directional Spectrum.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Statistical Description of the Sea Surface.- 6.3 Measurement Techniques.- 6.4 Validation/Intercomparison Issues.- 6.5 Methods Used and their Application.- 6.6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Thermal Energy Emission and Propagation from Accidents.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Heat Transfer Theory.- 7.3 Global Radiative Model Architecture and Application.- 7.4 Comments on Model Results.- 7.5 Conclusions.- References.- 8 Development and Application of an Extended Methodology to Validate Short-Range Atmospheric Dispersion Models.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Model Validation Tool.- 8.3 Descriptions of Dispersion Models Tadmod and Tstep.- 8.4 Results and Discussion.- 8.5 Conclusions.- Appendices.- References.- 9 Uncertainty and Sensitivity of Dispersion Model Results to Meteorological Inputs: Two Case Studies.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Model Evaluation and Sensitivity Study with Dipole Pride 26.- 9.3 Persian Gulf War Exposure Study.- 9.4 Conclusions.- References.- IV. Risk and Uncertainty.- 10 Statistics and the Environmental Sciences: Approaches to Model Combination.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Statistical Framework.- 10.3 Examples.- 10.4 Discussion.- References.- 11 Bayesian Analysis of Computer Code Outputs.- 11.1 Analysis of Computer Code Outputs.- 11.2 Bayesian Methods.- 11.3 Windscale Nuclear Accident.- 11.4 Discussion.- References.- 12 The Realities of Decision Making on Risks.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Decision Making on Health and Safety.- 12.3 Changing Nature of Risk Debates.- 12.4 Changing Influence of Science.- 12.5 Public Responses to Risk Issues.- 12.6 Features of the Public Debate on Risk Decision Making.- 12.7 Risk-Based Approach to Regulation.- 12.8 Risk Assessment.- 12.9 Strengths and Limitations of Risk Assessment.- 12.10 Concluding Remarks.- References.