Titolo: Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Learning And Social Models Alcohol And The Liver Aging And Alcoholism Anthropology: 2
Editore: Springer 2012-03-22
Data di pubblicazione: 2012
Lingua: Inglese
ISBN 10: 1468446630
ISBN 13: 9781468446630
Rilegatura: Paperback
Condizione: New

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Riassunto

From the President of the Research Society on Alcoholism The field of alcohol research has been slowly but continuously evolving, taking into its domain an ever-increasing array of scientific disciplines. This senes is designed to fill the need for ,a review publication that covers the broad range of research into alcohol actions and alcoholism. Research in alcohol concerns social, epidemiological, and legal concerns in addition to biomedical and behavioral topics to greater degree than research with many other drugs. A publication devoted to alcohol research should serve the broadest existing research community, but perhaps more important, it should also provide a means to recruit new investigators with fresh approaches to the field. We can and must demonstrate that legitimate, high-quality research is being done, but we must also highlight the opportunity for new workers to make a real impact on the problem. The Research Society on Alcoholism seeks to provide such a service not only through this publication but also through other ac� tivities. Richard A. Deitrich, Ph.D.

Contenuti

I. Experimental Social and Learning Models of Drinking.- Overview.- 1 A Conditioning Model of Alcohol Tolerance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Learning and Tolerance.- 2.1. Practice.- 2.2. Pavlovian Conditioning.- 3. Mechanisms.- 3.1. Neurochemistry.- 3.2. Dispositional Tolerance.- 4. Influence on Drinking and Treatment Implications.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Social Models of Drinking Behavior in Animals: The Importance of Individual Differences.- 1. Animal Models in Medicine and Psychiatry.- 1.1. Neurological Models and Alcohol.- 1.2. Voluntary Alcohol Consumption in Animals.- 2. Effects of Socialization on Alcohol Consumption in Humans and Animals.- 2.1. Social Housing and Alcohol Consumption in Animals.- 2.2. Social Imitation and Alcohol Consumption in Animals.- 2.3. Alcohol Consumption, Dominance Standing, and Social Tension.- 3. Effects of Alcohol Administration on Social Behaviors.- 3.1. Low Doses of Alcohol Increase Aggressive Behaviors.- 3.2. Effects of Acute Alcohol on Other Social Behaviors.- 3.3. Effects of Chronic Alcohol on Social Behaviors.- 3.4. Fetal Alcohol and Maternal Behaviors.- 4. A New Animal Model of Alcoholism Based on Individual Differences That Develop in Social Colonies.- 4.1. Colony-Raised Animals Develop Extremes of Alcohol Preference Compared to Caged Isolates.- 4.2. Behavioral Correlates of the High-Alcohol Consumer.- 4.3. Implications of These Findings: A New Animal Model of Alcoholism.- References.- 3 Social Correlates of Drinking in Contrived Situations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Drinking Behavior in Natural and Contrived Settings.- 3. Solitary vs. Social Drinking.- 4. Social Drinking and Fantasy.- 5. Drinking and Aggression.- 6. Alcohol and Social Integration in Patients with Psychiatric Syndromes.- 7. Contrived Drinking Situations with Alcoholics.- 8. Social Organization and Affiliation during Alcohol Intoxication.- 9. Issues for Future Research.- References.- 4 Alcohol-Ingestive Habits: The Role of Flavor and Effect.- 1. Principles of Oral Ingestive Habits.- 1.1. Alcohol Consumption as a Feeding Habit.- 1.2. Flavor and Effect as Conditioning Stimuli.- 1.3. Seven Distinctive Features of Flavor-Effect Conditioning.- 1.4. Neural Mechanisms of Flavor and Effect.- 2. Flavor and Effect of Alcohol.- 2.1. Flavor of Alcohol as a Conditioned Stimulus.- 2.2. Effect of Alcohol as an Unconditioned Stimulus.- 3. Interactions between the Feeding System and Other Functional Systems.- 3.1. Antagonistic Processing of Odor: Feeding vs. Defense.- 3.2. Increased Drinking Associated with Fear, Pain, and Stress.- 4. Summary: Implications for Modifying Alcoholic Habits.- References.- 5 Commentary on the Utility of Experimental Social and Learning Models of Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Status of Scientific Models.- 3. What Do Animal Models of Alcoholism Model?.- 4. Models of Alcohol Phenomena.- 4.1. Conditioned Tolerance.- 4.2. Conditioned Aversion and Preference.- 4.3. Social Models of Drinking Behavior in Animals.- 4.4. Social Correlates of Human Alcohol Drinking.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- II. Alcohol and the Liver: Recent Developments in Preclinical and Clinical Research.- Overview.- 6 Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury: The Role of Oxygen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. NADH Fluorescence from Pericentral and Periportal Regions of the Liver Lobule.- 3. Oxygen Gradient Measured with Mini-Oxygen Electrode.- 4. Local Rates of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Uptake.- 5. Centrilobular Damage Due to Low-Flow Hypoxia.- 6. Clinical Implications.- References.- 7 Hypermetabolic State and Hypoxic Liver Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Validity of the Premise.- 3. Hypermetabolic State.- 3.1. Relationship between An Increased Rate of Oxygen Consumption by the Liver and Metabolic Tolerance.- 3.2. Permissive Role of Thyroid Hormones.- 3.3. Role of the (Na+-K+)-Adenosine Triphosphatase in the Hypermetabolic State.- 3.4. Centrilobular Hypoxia in Relation to a Hypermetabolic State following Chronic Alcohol Consumption.- References.- 8 Commentary on the Hypermetabolic State and the Role of Oxygen in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hypermetabolic State.- 3. Mechanism for the Hypermetabolic State.- 4. Hypoxia and Alcoholic Liver Injury.- 5. Treatment of Alcoholic Hepatitis with Propylthiouracil.- References.- 9 Alcohol-Induced Mitochondrial Changes in the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morphological and Histochemical Changes.- 3. Mitochondrial Composition.- 3.1. Lipids.- 3.2. Proteins.- 4. Bioenergetics.- 5. Mitochondrial Acetaldehyde Metabolism.- 6. Structural Properties and Associated Functions of Mitochondrial Membranes.- 7. Oxygen Utilization by Liver Cells: The Role of Mitochondria.- References.- 10 Effect of Ethanol on Hepatic Secretory Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hepatic Protein Secretion.- 2.1. Structure of Plasma Proteins.- 2.2. Function of Plasma Proteins.- 2.3. Biosynthesis and Secretion of Plasma Proteins by the Liver.- 3. Effects of Ethanol on Hepatic Protein Secretion.- 3.1. Effects on Protein Synthesis.- 3.2. Posttranslational Effects.- 4. Possible Consequences of the Hepatic Secretory Defect.- 5. Summary.- References.- 11 Use of Colchicine and Steroids in the Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease.- 1. Corticosteroids.- 1.1. Rationale.- 1.2. Clinical Studies.- 2. Colchicine.- 2.1. Rationale.- 2.2. Clinical Studies.- References.- III. Aging and Alcoholism.- Overview.- 12 Neurobiological Relationships between Aging and Alcohol Abuse.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Types of Brain Lesions.- 1.2. Aging—Normal and Pathologic.- 1.3. Alcohol Abuse.- 1.4. Interactions.- 1.5. Role of Studies in Animals.- 2. Morphology.- 2.1. Gross Pathology.- 2.2. Microscopic Pathology.- 3. Electrophysiology.- 3.1. Base-Line Electroencephalogram.- 3.2. Sleep Electroencephalogram.- 3.3. Evoked Potentials.- 4. Neurochemical Changes.- 4.1. Evaluation of Synaptic Function.- 4.2. Changes with Aging and with Chronic Alcohol Consumption.- 4.3. Interactions.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 13 Alcohol Consumption and Premature Aging: A Critical Review.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of the Premature-Aging Hypothesis.- 3. Neuropsychological Studies of Alcoholics.- 3.1. Paired-Associate Learning and Short-Term Memory Tests.- 3.2. Divided-Attention Tests.- 3.3. Cued-Learning Tests.- 3.4. Tactual-Perception Tests.- 4. Neuropsychological Studies of Social Drinkers.- 5. NeuroradiologicalStudies.- 6. Electrophysiological Studies.- 7. Does Alcohol Consumption Cause Premature Aging?.- References.- 14 Aging and Alcohol Problems: Opportunities for Socioepidemiological Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Strategies of Inquiry on Aging and Alcohol Problems.- 3. Limited Knowledge but Unlimited Opportunity.- 4. Socioepidemiological Domain.- 5. Conceptualization and Operationalization of Alcohol Problems and the Aging.- 6. Research Suggestions on Aging and Alcoholism from the 1981 White House Conference on Aging.- 7. Further Suggestions for Research.- References.- 15 Life Stressors and Problem Drinking among Older Adults.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prevalence of Problem Drinking among Older Adults.- 2.1. Household Surveys.- 2.2. Clinical Studies.- 2.3. Future Prevalence.- 3. Measurement of Problem Drinking among the Elderly.- 3.1. Alcohol Consumption.- 3.2. Dependence and Withdrawal Symptoms.- 3.3. Adverse Consequences.- 4. Life Stress and Problem Drinking: The Empirical Evidence.- 4.1. Age of Onset, Life Stress, and Problem Drinking.- 4.2. Marital-Employment Status and Problem Drinking.- 4.3. Responsiveness of Older Problem Drinkers to Treatment.- 4.4. Discussion.- 5. A Causal Analysis of the Role of Life Stressors in Problem Drinking.- 6. A Conceptual Framework to Guide Future Research.- 6.1. Sociodemographic and Personal Factors.- 6.2. Acute and Chronic Stressors.- 6.3. Social Resources.- 6.4. Appraisal and Coping Responses.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 16 Cross-Cultural Aspects of Alcoholism in the Elderly.- 1. Advantages and Limitations of Cross-Cultural Studies.- 2. Aging and Culture.- 2.1. Definition of Elderly.- 2.2. Social Status of the Elderly.- 2.3. Demography of Aging.- 2.4. Distribution of Psychopathology in the Aged.- 3. Culture, Drinking, and Alcoholism.- 3.1. Drinking Patterns.- 3.2. Norms Regarding Use.- 3.3. Intracultural Comparisons.- 4. Aging and Alcoholism.- 4.1. Age-Associated Changes.- 4.2. Age and the Course of Alcoholism.- 5. Discussion.- References.- IV. Contributions from Anthropology to the Study of Alcoholism.- Overview.- 17 Ethnohistory and Alcohol Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Heavy Drinking and Acculturation.- 2.1. Explanatory Models.- 2.2. Critical Perspectives.- 2.3. Discussion.- 3. Concluding Comment.- References.- 18 Social-Network Considerations in the Alcohol Field.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Social-Network Paradigm.- 2.1. Situational Analysis.- 2.2. Network Analysis.- 3. Networks and Social Adaptation.- 4. Networks and Social Identity.- 5. Networks as Pathways to Care.- 6. Networks in Treatment and Recovery.- 6.1. Treatment.- 6.2. Recovery.- 7. Overview and Prospect.- References.- 19 Alcohol Use in the Perspective of Cultural Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Equilibrium, Integration, and Alcohol Use in Traditional Contexts.- 2.1. Latin America.- 2.2. Africa.- 2.3. Oceania.- 2.4. North American Indians.- 3. Actor-Based Analysis and Ecological Change.- 3.1. American Indians.- 3.2. Variability in the Adaptive Process.- 3.3. The Bar and Modernization.- 3.4. Modern Urban Contexts.- 4. Conclusions.- 4.1. Summary of Findings.- 4.2. Discussion of the Ecological Approach.- 4.3. Suggestions for Further Study.- References.- Selected Contexts of Anthropological Studies in the Alcohol Field: Introduction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Social Organization.- 3. Intracultural Variation.- 4. Institutional Analysis.- 5. Symbolism and Norms.- 6. Cross-Cultural Comparison.- 7. Importance of Context in Anthropological Studies of Alcohol.- 20 Family Research and Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Literature on Alcoholism and the Family.- 3. Congeniality of Anthropological Approaches with Contemporary Studies.- 4. Review of Anthropologically Oriented Studies.- 5. Directions for New Research.- References.- 21 Alcoholism-Treatment-Center-Based Projects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hospital Inpatient Settings.- 3. Nonmedical Inpatient Settings.- 4. Counseling-Rehabilitation Settings.- 5. Other Treatment Intervention Settings.- 6. Idiosyncratic Treatment Settings.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 22 Cross-Cultural Studies of Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Varieties of Cross-Cultural Studies.- 3. Transcultural Studies of Alcohol Use.- 4. Hologeistic Studies of Alcohol Use.- 5. Implications of Cross-Cultural Studies of Alcohol Use.- 6. Summary.- References.

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