Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation : Volume 2A / Volume 2B

In this volume (parts 1 and 2) are contained the edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE held at the University of California, San Diego, August 1-6, 1982. This Review, possibly the most comprehensive annual symposium emphasizing both ongoing research and applications in quantitative NDE, was sponsored by the Center for Advanced NDE at the Ames Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Energy in cooperation with the Materials Laboratory of the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Over 300 attendees representing various government agencies and the industrial and university communities participated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. The symposium benefited from the insight of two keynote speak­ ers, Dr. Harris Burte of the Materials Laboratory, AFWAL, and Mr. Ward Rummel of the Martin Marietta Corporation, who presented complementary messages. Dr. Burte pointed out the need to identify "windows" to serve as guides for focusing NDE research. The "window" concept may be thought of as an opportunity for the application of NDE technology to an important problem and, through this application, to identify knowledge gaps which must be filled by generic research. This concept simultaneously provides a mechanism for the solution of a direct ap­ plication problem and a set of strong guidelines for generic research directions. Mr. Rummel called attention to the value of "lessons learned" from var.

Section 1: Introduction.- The Middle Ground of the NDE R&D Spectrum.- Considerations for Quantitative NDE and NDE Reliability Improvement.- Section 2: Reliability.- Probabilistic Consequences of Imperfect NDE.- Evaluating POD/CL Characterizations of NDE Reliability.- Improving NDE through Multiple Inspections.- Section 3: Probability of Detection — Ultrasonics.- Ultrasonic Flaw Detection in Turbine Rotor Component Web Geometries.- Detection of Flaws below Curved Surfaces.- Attenuation and Grain Noise Parameters in Ni-Base Alloys.- Computer Simulation of Probability of Detection.- Section 4: Probability of Detection — Eddy Currents.- Eddy-Current Probe Design.- Eddy Current Probe Design and Matched Filtering for Optimum Flaw Detection.- Development of an Eddy Current Inspection Technique for Sleeved Engine Disk Bolt Holes.- Analysis and Design of Eddy-Current Measurement Systems.- Section 5: Weldments.- An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Ultrasonic Weld Evaluation.- Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic Inspection of Weldments.- High Frequency, Angle Beam EMATs for Weld Inspection.- An Analysis of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer Arrays for Nondestructive Evaluation of Thick Metal Sections and Weldments.- Progress in Nondestructive Fatigue Crack Detection and Monitoring in Welded Pressure Vessels Subjected to External Pressure Cycling.- Section 6: Closure Effects in Fatigue Cracks.- Effects of Crack Closure on Ultrasonic Transmission.- Simulation of Closure: Effects on Crack Detection Probability and Stress Distributions.- Detection of Closed Internal Fatigue Cracks.- Section 7: Technology Transfer.- Inventors and Investors: Technology Transfer by Personal Chemistry.- Inverse Technology Transfer: Development Opportunities Defined from Practice.- Section 8: Ultrasonic Scattering Theory.- Diffraction of Horizontally Polarized Shear Waves by Normal Edge Cracks in a Plate.- Wavefront Fields in the Scattering of Elastic Waves by Surface-Breaking and Sub-Surface Cracks.- Comparison of Matrix Methods for Elastic Wave Scattering Problems.- Section 9: Acoustic Emission.- Development of Acoustic Emission Methods for In-Flight Monitoring of Aircraft Structures.- Identification of Acoustic Emission Sources by Pattern Recognition Techniques.- Pattern Recognition Analysis of Acoustic Emission Data from 7075-T651 Simulated Joint Specimens.- Acoustic Emission Linear Pulse Holography.- Effect of Crack Presence on In-Flight Airframe Noise in a Wing Attachment Component.- A Miniature Optical Acoustic Emission Transducer.- Section 10: Ultrasonic Scattering, Reliability and Penetrating Radiation.- Application of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy to Scattering of Rayleigh Wave in a Half-Space.- The Transmission/Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Simple Inhomogeneity: A Comparison of Theories.- Analytic Diffraction Corrections to Ultrasonic Scattering Measurements.- Time-Domain First Born Approximation to Elastodynamic Backscatter from Composite Materials.- Leaky Rayleigh Waves in the Presence of Loading and Stiffening Layers.- Numerical Calculations of Ultrasonic Fields.- Elastic Wave Scattering from Rough Surfaces and Cracks.- Theoretical and Experimental Developments in Ultrasonic Evaluation of Periodic Surfaces.- A Reliability-Confidence Methodology for Complex Systems.- Computer Evaluation of Real-Time X-Ray and Acoustic Images.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Low Density Fibrous Ceramics.- Section 11: Metal Matrix Composites.- A Technique for the Nondestructive Detection of Voids and Composition Anomalies in Metal Matrix Composite Wires Using X or ? Rays.- Nondestructive Evaluation of the Thermal Cycling Effects on Graphite/Aluminum Precursor Wire.- Quantitative Attenuation and Velocity Measurements in Metal Matrix Precursor Wires.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composites.- Nondestructive Inspection and Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composites.- Section 12: Ultrasonic Scattering from Near-Surface Flaws.- Application of Fourier Elastodynamics to Direct and Inverse Problems for the Scattering of Elastic Waves from Flaws near Surfaces.- Wave Scattering by Obstacles in Joined Fluid-Solid Half Spaces.- Measurements of Ultrasonic Scattering from Near-Surface Flaws.- Scattering by Flaws in a Slab or a Half-Space.- Section 13: Ultrasonic Multiple Scattering.- Effects of Microstructure on the Speed and Attenuation of Elastic Waves: Formal Theory and Simple Approximations.- On the Estimation of Porosity in Composites by Oblique Angle Illumination.- Elastic Wave Scattering from Multiple Voids (Porosity).- Section 14: General Ultrasonics.- Backscattering of Ultrasonic Leaky Waves from Liquid-Solid Interfaces.- Section 15: New Approaches to Ultrasonic Inverse Scattering.- An Inverse Problem in Viscoelasticity.- Inverse Ray Tracing in Anisotropic Elastic Solids.- On Nonspecular Reflection of Bounded Beams for Layered Half Spaces under Water.- The Maximum Entropy Formulation of Inverse Problems of NDE.- Section 16: Inverse Born Approximation.- The Inverse Born Approximation: Exact Determination of Shape of Convex Voids.- Elastic Wave Inversion Transformation.- The Automation of the Born Inversion for Ultrasonic Flaw Sizing.- Estimation of the Boundary of an Inclusion of Known Material from Scattering Data.- Ultrasonic 3-D Reconstruction of Inclusions in Solids Using the Inverse Born Algorithm.- Section 17: Thermal Waves and New Phenomena.- Evaluation of Photoacoustic Microscopy Fatigue Crack Detection.- Thermoacoustic NDE Imaging Induced by Deeply Penetrating Radiation.- Quantitative Measurement and Imaging of Metal Fatigue.- Geological Fracture Mapping Using Electromagnetic Geotomography.- Section 18: Applications of Inverse Scattering.- Progress on Ultrasonic Flaw Sizing in Turbine Engine Rotor Components: Bore and Web Geometries.- Crack Mapping by Ray Methods.- Classification of NDE Waveforms with Autoregressive Models.- Rough Surface Effects of Aluminum Castings on Ultrasonic Sizing Algorithms.- On the Effects of a Finite Aperture on the Inverse Born Approximation.- Section 19: Eddy Currents.- Optimization of Pulsed Eddy Current Probes.- A Model of Eddy-Current Probes with Ferrite Cores.- Evaluation of a Novel Eddy-Current Probe for Detecting Cracks inside and at the Edges of Holes.- Application of the Electric Current Perturbation Method to the Detection of Fatigue Cracks in a Complex Geometry Titanium Part.- The Change in Impedance of a Single-Turn Coil Due to a Flaw in a Coaxial Conducting Cylinder.- Electric Current Perturbation Calculations for Half-Penny Cracks.- The Mathematical Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields around Surface Cracks in Metals.- Section 20: Residual Stress and Acoustoelasticity.- Eddy Current Characterization of Applied and Residual Stresses.- Acoustoelasticity: Scanning with Shear Waves.- The Effect of Texture on Acoustoelasticity.- Residual Stress Characterization by Use of Elastic Wave Scattering Measurements.- Evaluation of Residual Stress States Using Horizontally Polarized Shear Waves.- Absolute Determination of Stress in Textured Materials.- The Use of the Temperature Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocity to Measure Residual Stress.- Detection of Strain Induced Microstructural Changes in Aluminum (6061-T6) Using Ultrasonic Signal Analysis.- The Use of Acoustic Signal Attenuation in the Examination of Residual Strains: Part B — The Use of Experimentally Derived Acoustic Strain Correlations in the Evaluation of Residual Strains and Stresses.- Section 21: Engineering Applications and Material Properties.- Energy Release Rates for Various Defects.- Ultrasonic Determination of Grain Size in Uranium.- Finding through NDE the Thermal History and Metallurgical Status of a Heat Treatable Aluminum Alloy.- Fiber Optics for a Damage Assessment System for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite Structures.- Ultrasonic Steel Cleanliness System.- A Portable High Speed Ultrasonic Imaging System.- The Clamping Force of Heat Shrinkable Fittings.- Energy Dispersive K X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for On-Line Process Control of Heavy Metal Concentrations.- A Computational Tool for the Design of Ultrasonic Systems.- The Digital Ultrasonic Instrument.- Section 22: Inversion of Eddy Current Data.- Inversion of Eddy Current Signals in a Nonuniform Probe Field.- Eddy-Current Imaging for Defect Characterization.- Defect Characterization of a Multifrequency Eddy Current System.- Development of a System to Invert Eddy-Current Data and Reconstruct Flaws.- Section 23: Acoustic Imaging.- Imaging and Characterization of Defects with Digital Signal Processing of Ultrasonic Data.- Determination of Flaw Depth Profiles from Acoustic Images.- Subsurface Broadband Acoustic Microscopy of Solids Using Aperture Lenses.- High Resolution ARMA Model Reconstruction for NDE Ultrasonic Imaging.- Precision Measurement of Rayleigh Wave Velocity Perturbation.- Real Time Signal Processing in an Ultrasonic Imaging System.- A Shear Wave Transducer Array for Real-Time Imaging.- Section 24: Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites.- Development of an Acoustic Model for Multilayered NDE.- Ultrasonic Signal Processing for Multilayered NDE.- Cure Monitoring of Thermosetting Polymers by an Ultrasonic Technique.- Interferometric Techniques Using Embedded Optical Fibers for the Quantitative NDE of Composites.- A Computerized Ultrasonic Scanning Bridge for Defect Imaging: Composite Materials.- Section 25: Ultrasonic Transducers and Standards.- Noncontacting Measurement of Surface Acoustic Waves.- Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Using Laser Transducers.- Nondestructive Evaluation with Beamforming Transducer Arrays.- Thermoelastic Structures for High Density Ultrasonic Energy.- Ultrasonic Transducer Standards.- Attendees.- Contributors.