Part 1 Physiological Implications of Oscillatory Processes in Plants
1 Rhythmic Leaf Movements: Physiological and Molecular Aspects
Nava Moran
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Historical Perspective
1.1.2 The Types of Leaf Movements
1.2 The Mechanism of Leaf Movement: the Osmotic Motor
1.2.1 Volume Changes
1.2.2 The Ionic Basis for the Osmotic Motor
1.2.3 Plasma Membrane Transporters
1.2.4 Tonoplast Transporters
1.3 Mechanisms of Regulation
1.3.1 Regulation by Protein Modification – Phosphorylation
1.3.2 The Perception of Light
1.3.3 Intermediate Steps
1.3.4 Regulation by Other Effectors
1.4 Unanswered Questions
1.4.1 Acute, Fast Signalling
1.4.2 The Clock Input and Output
References
2 The Pollen Tube Oscillator: Integrating Biophysics and Biochemistry into Cellular Growth and Morphogenesis
Nuno Moreno, Renato Colaço and José A. Feijó
Abstract
2.1 Finding Stability in Instability
2.2 Why Pollen Tubes?
2.3 Growth Oscillations: Trembling with Anticipation?
2.4 Under Pressure
2.5 Another Brick in the Cell Wall
2.6 Cytosolic Approaches to Oscillations: the Ions Within
2.7 On the Outside: Ions and Fluxes
2.8 Actin Cytoskeleton: Pushing it to the Limit
2.9 Membrane Trafficking and Signalling on the Road
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Ultradian Growth Oscillations in Organs: Physiological Signal or Noise?
Tobias L. Baskin
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Oscillations as Window into Growth
3.1.2 Growth Versus Movement
3.2 Circumnutation: Growing Around in Circles?
3.3 In Search of Ultradian Growth Oscillations
3.4 The Power of Bending in Plants
3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
4 Nutation in Plants
Sergio Mugnai, Elisa Azzarello, Elisa Masi, Camilla Pandolfi and Stefano Mancuso
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theories and Models for Circumnutation
4.2.1 'Internal Oscillator' Model
4.2.2 'Gravitropic Overshoot' Model
4.2.3 The 'Mediating' Model
4.3 Root Circumnutation
References
Part 2 Stomata Oscillations
5 Oscillations in Plant Transpiration
Anders Johnsson
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Models for Rhythmic Water Transpiration
5.2.1 Overall Description – "Lumped" Model
5.2.2 Overall Description – "Composed" Models
5.2.3 Self-Sustained Guard Cell Oscillations – (Ca2+)cyt Oscillations
5.2.4 Water Channels
5.2.5 Comments on Modelling Transpiration Rhythms
5.3 Basic Experimental Methods Used
5.4 Experimental Findings on Transpiration Oscillations
5.4.1 Occurrence of Transpiration Rhythms: Period of Rhythms
5.4.2 Some Environmental Parameters Influencing Oscillations
5.4.3 Singularities of Transpiration Rhythms: Test of Models
5.5 Ionic Interference with Transpiration Oscillations
5.6 Patchy Water Transpiration from Leaf Surface
5.7 Period Doubling and Bifurcations in Transpiration – a Way to Chaos?
5.8 Conclusions
References
6 Membrane Transport and Ca2+ Oscillations in Guard Cells
Michael R. Blatt, Carlos Garcia-Mata and Sergei Sokolovski
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Oscillations and the Membrane Platform
6.3 Elements of Guard Cell Ion Transport
6.4 Ca2+ and Voltage
6.4.1 The Ca2+ Theme
6.4.2 [Ca2+]i Oscillations
6.4.3 Voltage Oscillations
6.4.4 Membrane Voltage and the '[Ca2+]i Cassette'
6.5 Concluding Remarks
References
7 Calcium Oscillations in Guard Cell Adaptive Responses to the Environment
Martin R. McAinsh
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Guard Cells and Specificity in Ca2+ Signalling
7.3 Ca2+ Signatures: Encoding Specificity in Ca2+ Signals
7.4.1 Guard Cell Ca2+ Signatures: Correlative Evidence
7.4.2 Guard Cell Ca2+ Signatures: Evidence for a Causal Relationship
7.4.3 Guard Cell Ca2+ Signatures: the Role of Oscillations
7.5 The Ca2+ Sensor Priming Model of Guard Cell Ca2+ Signalling
7.6 Decoding Ca2+ Signatures in Plants
7.7 Challenging Prospects
References
8 Circadian Rhythms in Stomata: Physiological and Molecular Aspects
Katharine E. Hubbard, Carlos T. Hotta, Michael J. Gardner, Soeng Jin Baek, Neil Dalchau, Suhita Dontamala, Antony N. Dodd and Alex A.R. Webb
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanisms of Stomatal Movements
8.3 The Circadian Clock
8.4 Circadian Regulation of Stomatal Aperture
8.5 Structure of the Guard Cell Clock
8.6 Mechanisms of Circadian Control of Guard Cell Physiology
8.6.1 Calcium-Dependent Models for Circadian Stomatal Movements
8.6.2 Calcium-Independent Models for Circadian Stomatal Movements
8.7 Circadian Regulation of Sensitivity of Environmental Signals ('Gating')
8.8 Conclusions
References
Part 3 Rhythms, Clocks and Development
9 How Plants Identify the Season by Using a Circadian Clock
Wolfgang Engelmann
Abstract
9.1 Introduction and History
9.2 Examples for Photoperiodic Reactions
9.3 Bünning Hypothesis and Critical Tests
9.4 The Circadian Clock and its Entrainment to the Day
9.5 Seasonal Timing of Flower Induction
References
10 Rhythmic Stem Extension Growth and Leaf Movements as Markers of Plant Behaviour: the Integral Output from Endogenous and Environmental Signals
Johannes Normann, Marco Vervliet-Scheebaum, Jolana T.P. Albrechtová and Edgar Wagner
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Life is Rhythmic
10.1.2 Rhythm Research: Metabolic and Genetic Determination of Rhythmic Behaviour
10.2 Rhythmicity in Chenopodium spp.
10.2.1 Rhythmic Changes in Interorgan Communication of Growth Responses
10.2.2 Local Hydraulic Signalling: the Shoot Apex in Transition
10.2.3 Membrane Potential as the Basis for Hydro-Electrochemical Signalling, Interorgan Communication and Metabolic Control
10.3 Conclusions and Perspectives: Rhythms in Energy Metabolism as Determinants for Rhythmic Growth and Leaf Movements
References
11 Oscillations and Plant Morphogenesis
Peter W. Barlow and Jacqueline Lück
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Developmental Theories and Their Application to Rhythmic Morphogenesis
11.3 Rhythmic Patterns of Cellular Development Within Cell Files
11.4 Organogenetic Rhythms
11.4.1 Angiosperm Shoot Apices and Their Phyllotaxies
11.4.2 The Plastochron
11.4.3 A Petri Net Representation of the Plastochron
11.4.4 Rhythms of Cell Determination and the Plastochron
11.5 The Cycle of Life
11.6 A Glimpse of Cell Biology and Morphogenetic Rhythms
References
12 Molecular Aspects of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock
Tracey Ann Cuin
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Defining Features of Circadian Rhythms
12.1.2 Overview of the Circadian System in Arabidopsis
12.2 Entrainment – Inputs to the Clock
12.2.1 Light
12.2.2 Pathways to the Central Oscillator
12.2.3 Negative Regulation of Photoentrainment
12.2.4 Temperature Entrainment
12.3 The Central Oscillator
12.3.1 The CCA1/LHY-TOC1 Model for the Arabidopsis Central Oscillator
12.3.2 Is There more than One Oscillator Within Plants?
12.3.3 Regulation of the Circadian Oscillator
12.4 Outputs of the Circadian System
12.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part 4 Theoretical Aspects of Rhythmical Plant Behaviour
13 Rhythms, Clocks and Deterministic Chaos in Unicellular Organisms
David Lloyd
Abstract
13.1 Time in Biology
13.2 Circadian Rhythms
13.2.1 Circadian Timekeeping in Unicellular Organisms
13.2.2 Cyanobacterial Circadian Rhythms
13.3 Ultradian Rhythms: the 40-Min Clock in Yeast
13.4 Oscillatory Behaviour During the Cell Division Cycles of Lower Organisms
13.5 Ultradian Gating of the Cell Division Cycle
13.5.1 Experimental Systems
13.5.2 The Model
13.5.3 Computer Simulations
13.6 Chaos in Biochemistry and Physiology
13.7 Functions of Rhythms
13.8 Biological Functions of Chaotic Performance
13.9 Evolution of Rhythmic Performance
References
14 Modelling Ca2+ Oscillations in Plants
Gerald Schönknecht and Claudia Bauer
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Developing a Mathematical Model
14.3 Discussion of the Model
References
15 Noise-Induced Phenomena and Complex Rhythms: Theoretical Considerations, Modelling and Experimental Evidence
Marc-Thorsten Hütt and Ulrich Lüttge
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Case Study I – Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
15.3 Case Study II – Stomatal Patterns
15.4 Experimental Observations of Complex Rhythms in Plants
15.5 A Path Towards Systems Biology
References
16 Modeling Oscillations of Membrane Potential Difference
Mary Jane Beilby
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Single Transporter Oscillations
16.2.1 Proton Pump and the Background State in Charophytes
16.2.2 Putative K+ Pump and the Background State in Ventricaria ventricosa
16.3 Two Transporter Interaction
16.3.1 Proton Pump and the Background State in Hypertonic Regulation in Lamprothamnium spp.
16.3.2 Interaction of the Proton Pump and the Proton Channel in Chara spp.
16.4 Multiple Trans...
