Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Electronics

For some time there has been a need for a semiconductor device book that carries diode and transistor theory beyond an introductory level and yet has space to touch on a wider range of semiconductor device principles and applica- tions. Such topics are covered in specialized monographs numbering many hun- dreds, but the voluminous nature of this literature limits access for students. This book is the outcome of attempts to develop a broad course on devices and integrated electronics for university students at about senior-year level. The edu- cational prerequisites are an introductory course in semiconductor junction and transistor concepts, and a course on analog and digital circuits that has intro- duced the concepts of rectification, amplification, oscillators, modulation and logic and SWitching circuits. The book should also be of value to professional engineers and physicists because of both, the information included and the de- tailed guide to the literature given by the references. The aim has been to bring some measure of order into the subject area examined and to provide a basic structure from which teachers may develop themes that are of most interest to students and themselves. Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are reviewed and fundamental factors that control power levels, frequency, speed, size and cost are discussed. The text also briefly mentions how devices are used and presents circuits and comments on representative applications. Thus, the book seeks a balance be- tween the extremes of device physics and circuit design.

1 Semiconductor Junctions and Diodes.- 1.1 Introductory Semiconductor Equations and Concepts.- 1.2 PN Junction Forward Characteristics.- 1.3 Diode Reverse Characteristics.- 1.4 Junction Transient Characteristics.- 1.5 Rectifier Circuits.- 1.6 Zener Reference Diodes.- 1.7 Diodes with Negative Resistance.- 1.8 Electron Beam Bombarded Semiconductor Diodes as Amplifiers.- 1.9 Questions.- 1.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 2 Metal-Semiconductor Schottky-Barrier Diodes.- 2.1 Elementary Metal-Semiconductor Junction Concepts.- 2.2 Barrier Height Measurements.- 2.3 Schottky Barrier Current-Voltage Characteristics.- 2.4 Minority Charge in Schottky Junctions.- 2.5 Schottky Barriers in Integrated Circuits.- 2.6 High Power Schottky Barrier Rectifiers.- 2.7 Questions.- 2.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 3 Microwave Applications of Diodes, Varactors and Tunnel Diodes.- 3.1 Detectors, Mixer Diodes and Related Devices.- 3.2 PIN Diodes as Attenuators and Switches.- 3.3 Varactor Diodes and Parametric Frequency Multiplication and Amplification.- 3.4 Tunnel Diodes and Applications.- 3.5 Questions.- 3.6 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors.- 4.1 General Characteristics.- 4.2 Voltage Rating and Second Breakdown.- 4.3 Factors Controlling the Current Gain.- 4.4 Frequency Performance and Microwave Transistors.- 4.5 Power Transistors.- 4.6 Switching of Bipolar Transistors.- 4.7 Lateral Transistors.- 4.8 Heterojunction Transistors.- 4.9 Questions.- 4.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 5 Thyristors — Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices.- 5.1 Basic Concepts of PNPN Structures.- 5.2 Thyristor Turn-on, Turn-off and Power Considerations.- 5.3 Triacs and Other Multilayer Structures.- 5.4 Computer Aided Design Model for a Thyristor Circuit.- 5.5 Thyristor Applications (Brief Comments).- 5.6 Questions.- 5.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 6 JFETs and MESFETs — Field Effect Transistors.- 6.1 Si FET Modeling Including Saturation Velocity Effects.- 6.2 GaAs MESFET Modeling.- 6.3 Dual Gate MESFETs.- 6.4 Microwave Field Effect Transistors.- 6.5 Some Applications of JFETs and MESFETs.- 6.6 Questions.- 6.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 7 Insulated Gate-Field-Effect-Transistors: MOSFETs, IGFETs and Related Devices.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 First-Order Theory of a MOSFET.- 7.3 Further Consideration of MOSFET Characteristics.- 7.4 MOSFET Saturation Models.- 7.5 The Transition from IGFET to Bipolar Transistor Performance.- 7.6 Semiconductor-Insulator and Insulator-Metal Interfaces.- 7.7 Fabrication Processes for IGFETs.- 7.8 CMOS Structures and Logic.- 7.9 Computer Aided Design of MOSFET Circuits for Large Scale Integration.- 7.10 MOSFET Switches.- 7.11 Noise in MOSFETs.- 7.12 Special Purpose MOSFETs.- 7.13 Questions.- 7.14 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 8 Integrated Circuit Fundamentals.- 8.1 Large Scale Integration.- 8.2 Yield: The Designer’s Dilemma.- 8.3 Bipolar IC Technology.- 8.4 MOS Inverters.- 8.5 MOS Logic Circuits and Scaling.- 8.6 Future Limits in Digital Electronics.- 8.7 Questions.- 8.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 9 Integrated Circuit Applications.- 9.1 Linear Integrated Circuits.- 9.2 Communications Applications.- 9.3 Applications in Watches, Cameras and Automobiles.- 9.4 Semiconductor Memories.- 9.5 Microprocessors.- 9.6 Small Calculators.- 9.7 Questions.- 9.8 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 10 Charge-Transfer Devices.- 10.1 General Concepts.- 10.2 Loss Mechanisms in CCDs.- 10.3 Charge-Coupled Delay Lines and Filters.- 10.4 Charge-Coupled Memories.- 10.5 Imaging CCD Arrays.- 10.6 CCD Logic Structures.- 10.7 Bucket-Brigade Circuits.- 10.8 Questions.- 10.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 11 Avalanche-Diode Microwave Oscillators, Amplifiers, and Gunn Devices.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Read Diode Oscillator Concepts.- 11.3 Impatt Performance.- 11.4 Trapatt Oscillations.- 11.5 Avalanche-Diode Amplifiers.- 11.6 Comments on Performance.- 11.7 Transferred-Electron Device (Gunn) Oscillatros.- 11.8 TED (Gunn) Logic Concepts.- 11.9 Questions.- 11.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 12 Solar Cells.- 12.1 Solar Energy.- 12.2 Silicon Solar Cells.- 12.3 Solar Cells of GaAs, InP, and Related Semiconductors.- 12.4 Cells of CdS and Related Semiconductors.- 12.5 Discussion.- 12.6 Questions.- 12.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 13 Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices.- 13.1 Photodiodes.- 13.2 Detectivity.- 13.3 Photoconductive Detectors.- 13.4 Phototransistors.- 13.5 Photocathodes and Negative-Electron-Affinity-Emitting Devices.- 13.6 Vidicon Camera Tubes and Silicon Diode Array Targets.- 13.7 Electrophotographic Copying.- 13.8 Questions.- 13.9 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 14 Light Emitting Diodes and Injection Lasers.- 14.1 Light Emission from Direct-Gap GaAs1?xPx.- 14.2 Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in GaAs Diodes.- 14.3 GaP Light-Emitting Diodes.- 14.4 Other Light-Emitting Materials.- 14.5 Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes.- 14.6 Heterojunction A1xGa1?xAs — GaAs Injection Lasers.- 14.7 Other Injection Lasers.- 14.8 Injection Lasers and LEDs as Light Sources for Optical Communications Systems.- 14.9 Questions.- 14.10 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- 15 Semiconductor Sensors and Transducers.- 15.1 Semiconductor Sensors Involving Magnetics.- 15.2 Strain Sensors and Related Transducers.- 15.3 Temperature Sensors.- 15.4 Gas Sensing Semiconductor Structures.- 15.5 High-Energy Particle and Gamma Ray Sensors.- 15.6 Questions.- 15.7 References and Further Reading Suggestions.- Book List.