Peu de livres ont suscité autant de débats sur la géographie que le livre de l'Exode. Il décrit en détail une série de miracles accomplis par le Seigneur Dieu des Israélites pour les libérer de l'esclavage en Égypte, puis leur traversée du désert jusqu'à une montagne où Dieu descendit et leur donna la Torah. Ces miracles ont alimenté de nombreuses spéculations au cours des 2500 dernières années, mais la traversée du désert et l'emplacement de la montagne de Dieu restent les questions les plus fréquemment débattues.

La plupart des spéculations géographiques proviennent d'érudits chrétiens et musulmans qui ont tenté de retracer le parcours des Israélites hors d'Égypte pour trouver la montagne de Dieu. Cependant, de nombreuses montagnes ont été découvertes le long des lieux mentionnés sur le parcours, car la plupart des emplacements sont sujets à controverse. Une demi-douzaine de montagnes ont été identifiées, chacune associée à une liste de lieux le long du parcours, qui pourraient ou non correspondre aux emplacements originaux. Il ne semble pas s'agir d'un problème nouveau, car même à cette époque, le nom de la montagne dans la Torah et d'autres textes hébraïques anciens changeait d'un paragraphe à l'autre. Cette montagne est appelée Sinaï et Horeb dans la Torah, puis Séir dans le livre des Juges, considéré comme le plus ancien texte hébreu n'ayant pas subi de remaniements importants.

La confusion quant à la localisation de cette montagne provient principalement des diverses interprétations de l'itinéraire emprunté par les Israélites hors d'Égypte, ainsi que de l'identité de ces derniers durant leur séjour en Égypte. Une partie de cette confusion est manifestement due à la traduction de la Septante à la Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie vers 250 av. J.-C. Les traducteurs grecs ont utilisé le terme mer Érythréenne pour traduire l'hébreu Suf Yam, qui signifie simplement mer des Roseaux ou mer des Papyrus . Le terme grec mer Érythréenne était un terme perse adopté qui désignait l'océan Indien, le golfe Persique, le golfe d'Aden et la mer Rouge. Nul doute que les traducteurs grecs aient voulu se prémunir contre toute éventualité, ignorant tout du lieu où s'étaient déroulés les événements de Souf Yam. Cette erreur de traduction s'est malheureusement perpétuée dans la quasi-totalité des traductions chrétiennes des Écritures hébraïques, où l'on trouve le nom de Mer Rouge, y compris celles issues des textes massorétiques qui ne mentionnent pas la Mer Rouge. Ironie du sort, cette erreur a même été réintroduite en hébreu, où la Mer Rouge est désormais appelée Souf Yam, donnant ainsi l'illusion que la traduction grecque antique était correcte. Or, les textes égyptiens antiques traduits au cours des deux derniers siècles précisent le lieu de l'événement: il ne se situe pas en Mer Rouge, contrairement à ce qu'affirment la quasi-totalité des traductions de la Torah et de la Bible.

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Septante - Exode

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