Sieve Elements : Comparative Structure, Induction and Development

Behnke, H. D. (EDT); Sjolund, R. D. (EDT)

ISBN 10: 3642744478 / ISBN 13: 9783642744471

Editore: Springer, 2011

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Dati bibliografici

• Titolo: Sieve Elements : Comparative Structure, Induction and Development
• Editore: Springer
• Data di pubblicazione: 2011
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 3642744478
• ISBN 13: 9783642744471
• Rilegatura: Brossura
• Condizione: New

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Riassunto

As part of his Comparative Investigations of the Organization of the Trunk of the Native Forest Trees (Theodor Hartig 1837, Vergleichende Untersuchungen tiber die Organisation des Stammes der einheimischen Waldbaume. lahresberichte tiber die Fortschritte der Forstwissenschaften und forstlichen Naturkunde 1: 125-168) Hartig gives an anatomical description of the "composition and nature" of the then "completely uninvestigated elementary organs" of what he called the "sap skin" (Safthaut) of trees, a tissue for which Nageli later (1858) coined the term phloem. Within the "Safthaut" Hartig describes three cell types in detail, (1) "Siebfasern", (2) "Siebrohren", and (3) "keulenfOrmige Saftrohren" (club-shaped sap-tubes). While the description of the latter refers to laticifers in Euphorbia and resin ducts in Acer and Robinia. "Siebfasern" and "Siebrohren" comprise the sieve elements. A literal translation of the more significant parts of the description of these cell types demonstrates that his "Siebrohren" entirely correspond to what has later been defined as "sieve tubes" but that his "Siebfasern" are less well­ defined and in addition to what we call "sieve cells" also include small sieve tubes as well as spindle-shaped cells of cambium, phloem parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Both in his "Siebfasern" and "Siebrohren" Hartig describes sieve areas (his expression is "lense-shaped cavities") and sieve pores (Siebporen).

Contenuti

1 Algae.- 1.1 Requirement for Medium-Distance and Long-Distance Transport in Algae.- 1.2 Medium-Distance Transport.- 1.3 Long-Distance Transport.- 1.4 Conducting Cells of Red Algae.- 1.5 Conducting Cells in Brown Algae.- 1.5.1 General Remarks.- 1.5.2 Conducting Cells in Dictyotales, Scytosiphonales, Desmarestiales and Fucales.- 1.5.3 Sieve Elements in Laminariales.- 2 Mosses.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 Overview.- 2.1.2 Terminology.- 2.2 General Organization of Conducting Tissues in Mosses.- 2.2.1 The Gametophyte.- 2.2.2 The Sporophyte.- 2.3 Structure of Sieve Elements.- 2.3.1 General Features of Moss Sieve Elements.- 2.3.2 Differentiating and Mature Sieve Elements.- 2.4 Associated Parenchyma.- 3 Seedless Vascular Plants.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Sieve-Element Protoplast.- 3.2.1 Nucleus.- 3.2.2 Endoplastic Reticulum.- 3.2.3 Plastids and Mitochondria.- 3.2.4 Dictyosomes.- 3.2.5 Mierotubules and Microfilaments.- 3.2.6 Plasmalemma and Tonoplast.- 3.2.7 Refractive Spherules.- 3.3 The Wall.- 3.4 The Sieve Areas.- 3.5 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 3.6 Longevity of the Sieve Elements.- 3.7 Comments on Terminology.- 4 Conifers.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Description.- 4.2.1 Primary and Secondary Phloem.- 4.2.2 Shape and Size of Sieve Cells.- 4.3 Development of the Sieve Cell.- 4.3.1 The Nucleus.- 4.3.2 Plastids.- 4.3.3 Mitochondria.- 4.3.4 Dictyosomes.- 4.3.5 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes.- 4.3.6 Vacuole and Ground Plasm.- 4.3.7 Structural Proteins.- 4.3.8 The Wall.- 4.3.9 Intercellular Communication.- 4.4 Strasburger Cells.- 5 Cycads and Gnetophytes.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cycads.- 5.2.1 Organization and Composition of the Phloem.- 5.2.2 Ultrastructure of the Sieve Elements.- 5.2.3 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 5.3 Gnetophytes.- 5.3.1 Organization and Composition of the Phloem.- 5.3.2 Ontogeny and Structure of the Mature Sieve element.- 5.3.3 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements.- 6 Dicotyledons.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Sieve-Tube Member Protoplast.- 6.2.1 Nucleus.- 6.2.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 6.2.3 Plastids and Mitochondria.- 6.2.4 Dictyosomes.- 6.2.5 Microtubules and Microfilaments.- 6.2.6 Plasmalemma and Tonoplast.- 6.2.7 P-Protein.- 6.3 The Wall.- 6.4 The Sieve Plate.- 6.5 The Lateral Sieve Areas.- 6.6 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with Sieve-Tube Members.- 6.7 Longevity of Sieve-Tube Members.- 7 Monocotyledons.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Ontogeny.- 7.3 The Protoplast.- 7.3.1 Nucleus.- 7.3.2 Plastids.- 7.3.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria.- 7.3.4 Microtubules and Dictyosomes.- 7.3.5 P-Protein.- 7.3.6 Vacuoles and Tonoplast.- 7.4 Cell Wall.- 7.5 Thick-Walled Sieve Elements.- 7.6 Sieve Plates.- 8 Sieve Elements in Internodal and Nodal Anastomoses of the Monocotyledon Liana Dioscorea.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Vascular Construction in the Aerial Stem of Dioscorea.- 8.3 The Specific Composition of Phloem Anastomoses.- 8.4 Ultrastructure of the Sieve Elements of Anastomoses.- 8.4.1 Connecting Sieve-Tube Members (CST).- 8.4.2 Anastomosai Sieve-Tube Members (ANSI).- 8.4.3 Anastomosai Sieve Elements (ANSE).- 8.5 Parenchymatous Cells Associated with the Sieve Elements of Anastomoses.- 8.6 Some Physiological Implications of Nodal Anastomoses.- 9 Sieve Elements in Plant Tissue Cultures: Development, Freeze-Fracture, and Isolation.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Phloem Function in Vitro.- 9.3 Phloem Development in Callus Tissues.- 9.4 P-Protein, Callus Phloem and Wounding.- 9.5 Freeze-Fracture Studies Using Callus Sieve Elements.- 9.6 Sieve-Area Pores.- 9.7 The Sieve-Element Reticulum (SER).- 9.8 Isolation and Partial Purification of Callus Sieve Elements.- 9.9 Antibody Formation Against Callus Sieve Elements.- 10 Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Tissue Changes During Wound-Phloem Development.- 10.2.1 Tissue of Origin.- 10.2.2 Developmental Pattern of Wound Phloem.- 10.2.3 Size and Shape of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.3 Cytoplasm of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.3.1 Nucleus and Vacuole.- 10.3.2 Sieve-Element Plastids.- 10.3.3 Mitochondria and Dictyosomes.- 10.3.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes.- 10.3.5 P-Protein and Microtubules.- 10.4 Symplastic Connections of Wound-Sieve Elements.- 10.4.1 Connections Between Sieve Elements.- 10.4.2 Connections from Sieve Elements to Other Cell Types.- 10.5 Companion Cells.- 10.6 Comparison Between Wound-and Bundle-Sieve Elements.- 11 Sieve Elements of Graft Unions.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Grafting Procedure.- 11.3 Histology and Cytology of the Graft Union.- 11.3.1 General Aspects of Development.- 11.3.2 Sieve-Element Contact at the Graft Interface.- 11.4 Function of Phloem Connections in Graft Unions.- 11.5 Questions Concerning the Mechanism of Sieve-Element Formation in Graft Unions.- 12 Sieve Elements in Haustoria of Parasitic Angiosperms.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Phloem in the Haustorium of Cuscuta.- 12.3 Development of Haustorial Sieve Elements.- 12.4 The Contact Hypha of Cuscuta.- 12.5 Phloem in the Haustoria of Different Parasitic Plants.- 12.6 Comparative Aspects.- 13 Phloem Proteins.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 P-Protein.- 13.2.1 Distribution.- 13.2.2 Morphology.- 13.2.3 Filamentous (Fibrillar) P-Proteins.- 13.2.4 Tubular P-Protein.- 13.2.5 Crystalline P-Proteins.- 13.2.6 P-Protein Bodies and Their Formation.- 13.2.7 Dispersal of P-Protein Bodies.- 13.2.8 P-Protein in Mature Sieve Elements.- 13.2.9 P-Protein in Sieve-Plate Pores.- 13.3 Other Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 13.3.1 Nuclear Inclusions.- 13.3.2 Plastid Inclusions.- 13.3.3 Refractive Spherules and Other Vesicles.- 13.3.4 Proteins Associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 13.4 Biochemistry of Phloem Proteins.- 13.4.1 Isolation and Chemical Properties.- 13.4.2 Lectin Properties of Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 13.4.3 Comparative Aspects.- 14 Phloem Evolution: An Appraisal Based on the Fossil Record.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.1.1 Phloem Phylogeny ― Background.- 14.2 Phloem of Vascular Cryptogams.- 14.3 Gymnosperm Phloem.- 14.4 Conclusions ― Phloem Phylogeny.