Software Architectures

This book provides a unique overview of different approaches to developing software that is flexible, adaptable and easy to maintain and reuse. It covers the most recent advances in software architecture research. In addition, it provides the reader with scalable solutions for engineering and reengineering business processes, including architectural components for business applications, framework design for Internet distributed business applications, and architectural standards for enterprise systems.

1. An Introduction and History of Software Architectures, Components, and Reuse.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Software Architecture.- 1.3 Reusable Components.- 1.4 Setting a Context for Component Reuse.- 1.5 Components and How to Use Them.- 1.6 Current and Future Developments.- 2. Components, Scripts and Glue.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Motivation and State-of-the-Art.- 2.3 A Conceptual Framework for Software Composition.- 2.3.1 Terminology.- 2.3.2 Concepts in Practice.- 2.3.3 Other Aspects of the Conceptual Framework.- 2.4 PICCOLA ? a Small Composition Language.- 2.5 Discussion.- 2.6 Conclusions.- 3. Business Component Development.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Business Needs.- 3.1.2 Software Components.- 3.1.3 Business Components.- 3.1.4 Structure.- 3.2 Business Component Concepts.- 3.2.1 The Business Component Vision.- 3.2.2 Terminology.- 3.2.3 Component Granularity.- 3.2.4 Distribution Models.- 3.3 Business Component Run-time Concerns.- 3.3.1 The Business Object Facility.- 3.3.2 BOF Transparencies.- 3.3.3 BOF Services.- 3.3.4 BOF Frameworks.- 3.3.5 Technologies and Initiatives.- 3.4 Business Component Development Process Concerns.- 3.4.1 An Approach to Business Component Development.- 3.4.2 Business Component Patterns.- 3.4.3 Standards.- 3.5 Summary.- 4. Designing Component Kits and Architectures with Catalysis.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 What is a Component?.- 4.3 Families of Products from Kits of Components.- 4.3.1 Larger Components.- 4.3.2 Component Strategies.- 4.4 Catalysis: Modelling Component Behaviour.- 4.4.1 Actions.- 4.4.2 Refinement and Traceability.- 4.4.3 Refinement from Domain to Components.- 4.5 Modelling for Component-Based Development.- 4.5.1 Domain Modelling.- 4.5.2 Specifying Component Behaviour.- 4.5.3 Designing Components.- 4.5.4 Defining Component Connectors.- 4.5.5 Component Partitioning.- 4.5.6 Processes for Component-Based Development.- 4.6 Summary.- 5. Reuse Requires Architecture.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What do we Mean by Software Architecture?.- 5.2.1 Architectural Choice.- 5.2.2 Architecture-Driven Design.- 5.3 Case Study in Reuse ? Matra Cap C3 Systems.- 5.4 Architecture-Based Reuse.- 5.5 Organisation and Technology.- 5.5.1 Case Study ? “Diagonal” Inc.- 5.6 Managing the Technology.- 5.6.1 Case Study ?“Vertical” Ltd.- 5.7 Components and Reuse.- 5.8 Summary.- 5.8.1 Recommendations.- 6. Designing Software Architectures Through Evaluation and Transformation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Requirements Terminology.- 6.3 Example.- 6.4 Overview of the Method.- 6.5 Functionality-Based Architectural Design.- 6.6Assessing Quality Attributes.- 6.6.1 Scenario-Based Assessment.- 6.6.2 Simulation.- 6.6.3 Mathematical Modelling.- 6.6.4 The Role of Experience.- 6.7 Architecture Transformation.- 6.7.1 Impose Architectural Style.- 6.7.2 Impose Architectural Pattern.- 6.7.3 Apply Design Pattern.- 6.7.4 Convert Quality Requirements to Functionality.- 6.7.5 Distribution of Requirements.- 6.8 Related Work.- 6.9 Conclusions.- 7. An Architecture for Internet Business Applications with Business Components.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Example.- 7.3 Database Access.- 7.4 A One-Layer Two-Tier Internet Business Application Architecture.- 7.5 Vision for Internet Business Applications.- 7.6 Internet Object Server for Business Entities with RMI.- 7.7 Business Entities Versus Business Processes.- 7.8 Five-Layer Architecture.- 7.9 Providing Layers of Business Objects as Components.- 7.10 Business Components.- 7.11 Conclusions.- 7.12 Acknowledgments.- 8. Lean Product-Line Architectures for Client-Server Systems – Concepts & Experience.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The CACS System: an End User Perspective.- 8.3 Rearchitecting Client-Server Systems.- 8.4 Framework Technology and Reflection as a Basis of Self-Configuring Product-Line Architectures.- 8.4.1 Framelets – Small is Beautiful.- 8.4.2 Reflection Versus Abstract Classes and Interfaces.- 8.5 A Sample Framelet Family.- 8.5.1 List Handling Framelet.- 8.5.2 RPC Framelet.- 8.5.3 Framelet Coupling.- 8.6 Discussion and Conclusions.- 8.6.1 Java Evaluation.- 8.6.2 Quantitative Data.- 8.6.3 Software Engineering Challenges.- 9. Issues in Industrial Product-Line Architectures.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Case Study.- 9.2.1 Method.- 9.3 Product-Line Architectures and Reusable Assets.- 9.4 Issues in Product-Line Architectures.- 9.4.1 Organisation.- 9.4.2 Process.- 9.4.3 Technology.- 9.5 Related Work.- 9.6 Conclusion.- 10. Architectural Standards, Processes and Patterns for Enterprise Systems.- 10.1 Today’s Enterprises Face Increasing Competitive Challenges.- 10.2 Distributed Components Offer a Route Forward.- 10.3 “Reuse” Really Means Achieving Economies of Scale.- 10.4 A Component-Capable Organisation Must be Mature.- 10.5 There are Several Synergistic Standards for Enterprise Components...- 10.5.1 CORBA ? Common Object Request Broker Architecture.- 10.5.2 UML ?Unified Modeling Language.- 10.5.3 XMI ? XML Metadata Interchange.- 10.5.4 Java ? a Standard Programming Language.- 10.5.5 Enterprise Java Beans ? a Standard Programming Model for Enterprise Componentry.- 10.5.6 TCP/IP, HTML, HTTP, SSL, etc. ? Standards for the Internet.- 10.6 Enterprise Components Require a New Generation of Middleware.- 10.7 Architecture Patterns are Encapsulated Solutions to the Distributed Application Design Problem.- 10.8 Conclusion.- 11. How Not to Reinvent Some Wheels: Lessons from Interactive System Architectures.- 11.1 Lessons from Another Place.- 11.2 Boxes and Arrows are Not Enough.- 11.3 Properties, Not Topologies.- 11.4 Domain Decompositions are Essential.- 11.4.1 Machine-Centred Decomposition Rationales.- 11.4.2 User-Centred Decomposition Rationales.- 11.4.3 Function Specificity.- 11.4.4 Abstraction Independence.- 11.4.5 Evolvability.- 11.4.6 Summary.- 11.5 Interactions Between Quality Attributes and Software Architectures.- 11.6 Trade-Offs are Unavoidable.- 11.7 Tools are Essential, but Virtually No Good Ones Exist.- 11.8 Conclusions.- 11.9 Acknowledgements.- 12. An Industrial Perspective.- 12.1 The Current Situation.- 12.1.1 What We Do.- 12.1.2 Sharing Common Solutions.- 12.1.3 Information Overload and Management.- 12.1.4 Addressing Change: the Impact of Architecture.- 12.1.5 Tools and Standards.- 12.2 Architectural Approaches to Software Engineering in Industry.- 12.2.1 How Does Software Architecture Fit “Industry” Software Development?.- 12.2.2 How are Frameworks and Patterns Used in Industry?.- 12.2.3 What is the Impact of these New Approaches on Traditional Software Development Methodologies?.- 12.2.4 Conclusions.- 12.3 Software Architectures and Component Engineering in Philips.- 12.3.1 Introduction.- 12.3.2 Why Components?.- 12.3.3 Approaches to Component-Based Development.- 12.3.4 Conclusions.