Structure and Collisions of Ions and Atoms

The central subject of this volume is the atomic and molecular physics of heavy par­ ticles as investigated with charged particle accelerators. The natural division be­ tween atomic structure and ion-atom collision studies, and the similar division be­ tween the theoretical and experimental branches of these subjects, are reflected in a parallel subdivision into corresponding chapters. In addition, one chapter is de­ voted to the important interface between atomic and molecular physics with condensed matter physics. A principal aim of the present volume is to provide a compact de­ scription of a number of current interests and trends within the heavy particle structure and collisions field in a sufficiently general, non-specialized way that interested scientists who wish to become acquainted with such interests and trends can do so without becoming bogged down in excessive archival detail. It is, therefore, hoped that the book will be of some use to advanced students who seek a general in­ troduction to these subjects. Numerous, more specialized, archival review articles are frequently referred to in each chapter for the benefit of those who seek more detailed knowledge about particular topics discussed. The editor wishes to acknowledge the support of two U. S. government agencies: the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation, during the preparation of this volume. Sincere thanks are due Mrs. Betty Thoe for her excellent editorial work on the various manuscripts and Mrs.

1. Introduction.- 2. Quantum Electrodynamics in Strong and Supercritical Fields.- 2.1 The Electrodynamics of High-Z Electronic Atoms.- 2.1.1 Lamb Shift in Hydrogenlike Ions.- 2.1.2 Lamb Shift in Heliumlike Ions.- 2.1.3 Quantum Electrodynamics in High-Z Neutral Atoms.- 2.1.4 High-Z Atoms and Limits on Nonlinear Modifications of QED.- 2.1.5 Wichmann-Kroll Approach to Strong-Field Electrodynamics.- 2.2 The Electrodynamics of High-Z Muonic Atoms.- 2.2.1 General Features.- 2.2.2 Vacuum Polarization.- 2.2.3 Additional Radiative Corrections.- 2.2.4 Nuclear Effects.- 2.2.5 Electron Screening.- 2.2.6 Summary and Comparison With Experiment.- 2.2.7 Muonic Helium.- 2.2.8 Nonperturbative Vacuum Polarization Modification and Possible Scalar Particles.- 2.3 Quantum Electrodynamics in Heavy-Ion Collisions and Supercritical Fields.- 2.3.1 Electrodynamics for Z?>1.- 2.3.2 Spontaneous Pair Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 2.3.3 Calculation of the Critical Internuclear Distance.- 2.3.4 Calculation of the Spontaneous Positron Production Rate.- 2.3.5 Induced Versus Adiabatic Pair Production.- 2.3.6 Vacancy Formation in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 2.3.7 Nuclear Excitation and Other Background Effects.- 2.3.8 Radiative Corrections in Critical Fields.- 2.3.9 Coherent Production of Photons in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 2.3.10 Self-Neutralization of Matter.- 2.3.11 Very Strong Magnetic Field Effects.- 2.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Relativistic Effects in Highly Ionized Atoms.- 3.1 Background.- 3.2 Interactions.- 3.2.1 Relativistic Interactions.- The Dirac Equation.- Two-Body Interactions.- The Central Field Approximation.- 3.2.2 Nonrelativistic Interactions.- 3.3 Transition Operators.- 3.3.1 The Interaction.- 3.3.2 Effective Transition Operators.- 3.3.3 Dipole Oscillator, Line, and Momentum Strengths.- 3.4 Calculation of Wave Functions and Energies.- 3.4.1 1/Z Expansion.- 3.4.2 Parametric Potentials.- 3.4.3 Hartree-Fock.- 3.5 Results.- References.- 4. Theory of Inelastic Atom-Atom Collisions.- 4.1 Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of Nuclear Motion.- 4.1.1 Expansion in a Finite Basis.- 4.1.2 The First Born Approximation for Excitation and Ionization.- 4.1.3 Incident Bare Nucleus.- 4.1.4 Incident Neutral Atom or Ion Carrying Electrons.- 4.1.5 Comments on the Validity of the PWBA.- 4.1.6 The Binary Encounter Approximation.- 4.1.7 Charge Exchange in Fast Collisions.- 4.1.8 Slow Collisions of Atoms.- 4.2 Classical Treatment of Nuclear Motion.- 4.2.1 Coupled Equations in the Impact Parameter Method.- 4.2.2 Expansion in Target Eigenfunctions.- 4.2.3 Eigenfunction Expansions on More Than One Center.- 4.2.4 Molecular Eigenfunction Expansion.- References.- 5. Excitation in Energetic Ion-Atom Collisions Accompanied by Electron Emission.- 5.1 Historical Background.- 5.2 General Considerations.- 5.3 Outer-Shells.- 5.3.1 Target Ionization.- 5.3.2 Projectile Ionization.- 5.4 Inner-Shells.- 5.4.1 Auger Spectra.- 5.4.2 Direct Excitation.- 5.4.3 Electron Promotion.- 5.4.4 Vacancy Sharing.- References.- 6. X-Ray Production in Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions.- 6.1 Measurement of X-Rays.- 6.1.1 Atomic Transitions, Fluorescence Yields, and Lifetimes.- 6.1.2 X-Ray Detectors.- 6.1.3 High Resolution X-Ray Data.- 6.2 Direct Ionization.- 6.2.1 Coulomb Excitation, Simple Description.- 6.2.2 Perturbation Improvements for Coulomb Ionization.- 6.2.3 Impact Parameter Dependent Direct Ionization.- 6.2.4 Electron Capture.- 6.2.5 Complex Excitation.- 6.3 Quasi-Molecular Excitation, Z1 ~ Z2.- 6.3.1 The Electron Promotion Model.- 6.3.2 K-Shell Ionization.- 6.3.3 Impact Parameter Dependence.- 6.3.4 L- and M-Shell Excitation.- 6.4 Quasi-Molecular Radiation.- 6.4.1 General Considerations.- 6.4.2 The Double Collision Mechanism ― The L-MO Radiation.- 6.4.3 The Quasi-Atomic Approximation ― The M-MO Radiation.- 6.4.4 Collision Broadening Effects ― The K-MO Radiation.- 6.4.5 MO Emission Characteristics and Anisotropies.- 6.5 Bremsstrahlung and Radiative Electron Capture.- 6.5.1 Electron Bremsstrahlung.- 6.5.2 Nucleus-Nucleus Bremsstrahlung.- 6.5.3 Radiative Electron Capture.- References.- 7. Extensions of Beam Foil Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Extension of the Dynamic Range of Lifetime Measurements Using the Beam-Foil Technique.- 7.2 Target Ion Recoil Spectroscopy.- 7.3 Projectile Electron Spectroscopy and Lifetime Measurements.- References.- 8. Atomic Collisions in Solids.- 8.1 Channeling.- 8.1.1 Atomic Interactions from Planar Channeling Measurements.- 8.1.2 Hyperchanneling.- 8.2 Charge State Distributions.- 8.2.1 Effects of Channeling.- 8.3 Stopping Power.- 8.4 Inner-Shell Ionization.- 8.4.1 Exit Channel Effects.- 8.4.2 Level Shifting Effects.- 8.4.3 Solid-State Effects on Vacancy Lifetimes.- 8.4.4 Effects on the Relaxation of Target Atom Vacancies.- 8.4.5 Relation of Inner-Shell Vacancies to Emergent Charge State Distributions.- References.