The Structure of Surfaces

This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the First Interna­ ti onal Conference on the Structure of Surfaces (ICSOS-1). ICSOS-1 was hel d on the Berkeley campus of the University of California during August 13-16, 1984. The International Organizing Committee members were: S.Y. Tong (Chairman), M.A. Van Hove (Vice-Chairman), D.A. King (Secretary), D.J. Chadi (Treasurer), D.L. Adams, A.M. Bradshaw, M.J. Cardillo, J.E. Demuth, J. Eckert, G. Ertl, B.I. Lundqvist, J.B. Pendry, Y. Petroff, M. Simonetta, J.R. Smith, G.A. Somorjai, J. Stohr, R. Ueda, and X.D. Xie. The series of ICSOS meetings was initiated to assess the status of surface­ structural determi nati on and the rel ati onshi p between surface or interface structures and physical or chemical properties of interest. The subject mat­ ter includes solid and adsorbate-covered surfaces, well-established and promising new surface-sensitive techniques, and results of experimental and theoretical studies. The physical and chemical properties of a surface or interface are often critically determined by its atomic-scale structure. A variety of techniques has been developed to study this structure and its connection with the sur­ face or interface properties of single crystals and of imperfect and amor­ phous interfaces. The papers in this book cover the theory of surface structure, new analy­ tical techniques for surface structure, new developments in established structural techni ques, recent structural resul ts, defect structures, and phase transitions at surfaces.

I Theory of Surface Structure.- I. 1 General Discussion.- 1. Theory of Surface Reconstruction.- 2. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Surfaces, Interfaces and Overlayers.- 3. The Binding of Adsorbates to Metal Surfaces.- I.2 Specific Applications.- 4. Energy Minimization Calculations for Diamond (111) Surface Reconstructions.- 5. Ttal Energies and Atom Locations at Solid Surfaces.- 6. Theory of Hydrogen on Metal Surfaces.- II New Surface Structure Techniques.- II. 1 Techniques Based on Electrons.- 7. The Surface Topography of a Pd(100) Single Crystal and Glassy Pd81Si19 Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- 8. Theory of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope.- 9. Reflection Electron Microscopy Studies of Crystal Lattice Termination at Surfaces.- II. 2 Techniques Based on Photons and Other Probes.- 10. Surface Structure by X-Ray Diffraction.- 11. Optical Transitions and Surface Structure.- 12. High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy and Surface Structure.- 13. Optical Second Harmonic Generation for Surface Studies.- 14. NMR and Surface Structure.- III Developments in Existing Techniques.- III. 1 LEED and Electron Propagation.- 15. Determination of Surface Structure by LEED.- 16. Structure Determination of Molecular Adsorbates with Dynamical LEED and HREELS.- 17. Computer Controlled LEED Intensity and Spot Profile Determination.- 18. On the Role of Space Inhomogeneity of Electron Damping in LEED.- 19. Attenuation of Isotropically Emitted Electron Beams.- III. 2 Diffuse LEED, NEXAFS/XANES and SEXAF5.- 20. LEED, XANES and the Structure of Disordered Surfaces.- 21. The Structure of Organic Adsorbates from Elastic Diffuse LEED.- 22. Multiple Scattering Effects in Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectra.- 23. NEXAFS and SEXAFS Studies of Chemisorbed Molecules: Bonding, Structure and Chemical Transformations.- 24. Current Status and New Applications of SEXAFS: Reactive Chemisorption and Clean Surfaces.- III. 3 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS).- 25. Electron-Phonon Scattering and Structure Analysis.- 26. Shape Resonances in OH Groups Chemisorbed on the (100) Surface of Ge-Si Alloys.- 27. Structure and Temperature-Dependent Polaron Shifts on Si(111) (2 × 1).- III. 4 Atom and Ion Scattering.- 28. Surface Structure Analysis by Atomic Beam Diffraction.- 29. Structure Analysis of a Semiconductor Surface by Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ICISS): Si(111) R30°$$\sqrt{3} \times \sqrt{3}$$ Ag.- III. 5 Photoemission.- 30. Surface Structure Determination with ARPEFS.- 31. Angle Resolved XPS of the Epitaxial Growth of Cu on Ni(100).- 32. Evidence for Diffusion at 80K of Gold Atoms Through Thin, Defective Oxide Layers.- III. 6 Neutron Scattering.- 33. Surface Characterization by the Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons from Adsorbates.- 34. Infrared and Neutron-Scattering Studies of Ethene Adsorbed onto Partially Exchanged Zinc A Zeolite.- IV Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Metals.- IV. 1 Clean Metal Surfaces.- 35. Theoretical Study of the Structural Stability of the Reconstructed (110) Surfaces of Ir, Pt and Au.- 36. The Structure and Surface Energy of Au(llO) Studied by Monte Carlo Method.- 37. Long- and Short-Range Order Fluctuations in the H/W(100) System.- IV. 2 Atomic Adsorption on Metal Surfaces.- 38. Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Study of a Chemisorption System: Oxygen on Cu(llO) Surface.- 39. Helium Diffraction from Oxygen-Covered Nickel Surfaces.- 40. Competing Reconstruction Mechanisms in H/Ni(110).- IV. 3 Molecular Adsorption on Metal Surfaces.- 41. The Uses and Limitations of ESDIAD for Determining the Structure of Surface Molecules.- 42. The Study of Simple Reactions at Surfaces by High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy.- V Semiconductors.- V. 1 Elemental Semiconductors.- 43. Triangle-Dimer Stacking-Fault Model of the Si(111)7x7 Surface Bonding Configuration.- 44. Structure of the Si(111)2x1 Surface.- 45. Refinement of the Buckled-Dimer Model for Si(001)2x1.- 46. Surface Relaxation and Vibrational Excitations on the Si(001)2x1 Surface.- V. 2 Compound Semiconductors.- 47. The Geometric Structure of the (2 × 2)GaAs(lll) Surface.- 48. A Comparison Between the Electronic Properties of GaAs(111) and GaAs($$\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$$).- 49. X-Ray Diffraction from the (3 × 3) Reconstructed ($$\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$$)B Surface of InSb.- V. 3 Adsorbate-Covered Semiconductors.- 50. Atomic and Electronic Structure of p(lxl) Overlayers of Sb on the the (110) Surfaces of III-V Semiconductors.- 51. Models for Si(111) Surface upon Ge Adsorption.- 52. The Graphite (0001)-(2 × 2)K Surface Intercalated Structure.- VI Defects and Phase Transitions.- VI. 1 Theoretical Aspects.- 53. Engergetics of the Incommensurate Phase of Krypton on Graphite: A Computer Simulation Study.- 54. Theory of Commensurate-Incommensurate Phase Transitions on W(001).- 55. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Dislocation-Depinning Transitions in Mismatched Overlayers.- 56. Quantitative Analysis of LEED Spot Profiles.- 57. Measurement of the Specific Heat Critical Exponent Using LEED.- 58. Short Range Correlations in Imperfect Surfaces and Overlayers.- 59. Domain Size Determination in Heteroepitaxial Systems from LEED Angular Profiles.- VI. 2 Experimental Studies.- 60. Diffusion and Interaction of Adatoms.- 61. Atom-Probe and Field Ion Microscope Studies of the Atomic Structure and Composition of Overlayers on Metal Surfaces.- 62. LEEO Studies of Physisorbed Noble Gases on Metals and Interadatom Interactions.- 63. Phases and Phase Transitions in Two Dimensional Systems with Competing Interactions.- 64. Diffraction from Pinwheel and Herringbone Structures of Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide on Graphite.- 65. X-Ray Scattering Studies: The Structure and Melting of Pb on Cu(110) Surfaces.- Index of Contributors.