Subcellular Biochemistry - Valume 10

1 The Plastid Envelope Membranes: Their Structure, Composition, and Role in Chloroplast Biogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of the Plastid Envelope.- 3. Relationship between the Plastid and Other Envelope Cell Membranes.- 3.1. Inner Envelope Membrane and Internal Membranes of Plastids.- 3.2. Outer Envelope Membrane and Extrachloroplastal Membranes.- 4. Relationships between the Plastid Envelope and Nucleic Acids.- 4.1. Plastid Envelope and Plastid DNA.- 4.2. Plastid Envelope and Ribosomes.- 5. Isolation of the Chloroplast Envelope.- 6. Chemical Composition of the Plastid Envelope.- 6.1. Chloroplast Envelope Polypeptides.- 6.2 Polar Lipid Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 6.3. Pigment Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 6.4. Are Sterols Normal Components of Plastid Envelope Membranes?.- 7. The Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Plastid Constituents.- 7.1. Origin of Plastid Polar Lipids.- 7.2. Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds.- 8. Protein Transport through the Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 9. Future Perspectives.- 10. References.- 2 Structure and Function of Respiratory Membranes in Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Membrane Organization in Whole Cells.- 2.1. Outer Membrane and Surface Layers.- 2.2. Cytoplasmic Membrane.- 2.3. Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- 2.4. Morphological Relationships between Cytoplasmic and Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- 3. Isolated Membranes.- 3.1. Comments on the Problem of Separating Cytoplasmic Membranes and Intracytoplasmic Membranes in Cell-Free Extracts of Cyanobacteria.- 3.2. Composition of Isolated Membranes.- 4. Identification of Respiratory Membranes.- 5. Cyanobacterial Respiration.- 5.1. Dehydrogenation of Respiratory Substrates.- 5.2. Respiratory Electron-Transport System.- 6. Oxidative Phosphorylation.- 6.1. Proton Electrochemical Gradients.- 6.2. Phosphorus/Oxygen Ratios in Whole Cells.- 6.3. Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cell-Free Systems.- 6.4. Coupling-Factor Adenosine Triphosphatases.- 7. Respiration and Obligate Photoautotrophy.- 8. Interaction of Respiration and Photosynthesis.- 8.1. Enzyme Regulation.- 8.2. Energy-Charge Regulation (with an Excursion into Substrate-Level Phosphorylation.- 8.3. Common Electron-Transport Sequences.- 9. Summary.- 10. References.- 3 Biogenesis of the Yeast Cell Wall.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry and Biosynthesis of the Wall Components.- 2.1. Glucan.- 2.2. Chitin.- 2.3. Mannoproteins.- 3. Cell Wall Organization.- 4. Cell Wall Synthesis and Morphogenesis.- 4.1. Origin of the Cell Machinery Involved in Formation of Cell Wall Polymers.- 4.2. Oriented Transport of Synthases and Matrix Materials.- 4.3. Assembly of Cell Wall Components.- 4.4. Metabolic Stability of the Cell Wall and Its Relationship with Biosynthesis.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 4 myo-Inositol Polyphosphates and Their Role in Cellular Metabolism: A Proposed Cycle Involving Glucose-6- Phosphate and myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 2.1. Chemistry and Nomenclature of Inositol Phosphates.- 2.2. Biosynthesis of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 2.3. Degradation and Utilization of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 3. Regulatory Aspects of the Metabolism of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 3.1. Biochemical Regulation of Enzymes of myo-Inositol Phosphate Metabolism.- 3.2. Genetic Studies on the Regulation of myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase.- 4. Operation of a New Metabolic Cycle Involving Glucose-6-Phosphate and myo-Inositol Phosphates during Formation and Germination of Seeds.- 4.1. Reactions and Enzymes of the Cycle.- 4.2. The Cycle as a Source of Energy and Reducing Power.- 4.3. Interrelationship between This Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Shunt Pathway in the Early Phase of Germination and Seedling Vigor.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 5 Nucleocytoplasmic RNA Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Aims and Scope of This Review.- 1.2. Terminology.- 1.3. Biological Significance of RNA Transport.- 2. Methodology.- 2.1. In situ Studies.- 2.2. In vitro Methods Using Isolated Nuclei.- 2.3. Studies on Subnuclear Fraction.- 3. Aspects of the Mechanism of Transport.- 3.1. Release.- 3.2 Translocation.- 4. Aspects of the Control of Transport.- 4.1. Cytoplasmic Protein Factors.- 4.2. Polyribonucleotides.- 4.3. Hormonal Control.- 4.4. Pharmacological Effects on Efflux and Transport.- 4.5. Nutritional Factors in Transport and Efflux.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 5.1. General Conclusions.- 5.2. General Problems.- 6. References.- 6 The Supramolecular Organization of the Cytoskeleton during Fertilization.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Overview.- 1.2. Requirement for Intracellular Movements.- 1.3. Scope of This Chapter.- 2. Motility during Fertilization.- 2.1. Fertilization as a Paradigm for Cellular Motility and Cytoskeletal Reorganization.- 2.2. Movements during Fertilization.- 3. The Sperm.- 3.1. Microtubules and Flagellar Movements.- 3.2. Actin and the Acrosome Reaction.- 4. The Egg.- 4.1. Detection of Cytoskeletal Elements.- 4.2. Microfilaments and Sperm Incorporation.- 4.3. Cortical Reaction.- 4.4. Microtubules and the Pronuclear Migrations.- 4.5. Cytoskeletal Changes Leading to Cell Division.- 5. Microfilaments.- 5.1. Periacrosomal Cap of the Sperm.- 5.2. Egg Cortex.- 5.3. Effect of Microfilament Inhibitors.- 6. Microtubules.- 6.1. Sperm Axoneme.- 6.2. Microtubules in Eggs during Fertilization: Sperm Aster, Interim Apparatus, and Mitotic Apparatus.- 6.3. Effects of Microtubule Inhibitors.- 7. Cytoskeletal Interactions.- 7.1. Microfilament Assembly and Contractility.- 7.2. Microfilament Bundling and Structural Roles.- 7.3. Microtubule Assembly and Microtubule-Organizing Centers.- 7.4. Dynein and Microtubule Sliding.- 7.5. Requirement for Microtubule Disassembly.- 7.6. Biophysical Evidence.- 7.7. Global View of Cytoskeletal Reorganizations.- 8. Regulation of Cytoskeletal Formation and Motility.- 8.1. Ionic Program of Activation.- 8.2. pH as One of the Primary Modulators.- 8.3. Calcium Ions as Another Regulator.- 8.4. Calmodulin.- 8.5. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8.6. Compilation of Regulatory Mechanisms.- 9. Conclusions and Summary.- 9.1. Motility during Fertilization: A Model.- 9.2. Regulation of Fertilization.- 9.3. Mechanisms for Movement: Implications for Other Intracellular Translocations.- 94. Conclusions.- 9.5. Summary.- 10. References.- 7 Evolutionary Aspects of Human Chromosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Karyotypic Similarities between Man and the Nonhuman Primates.- 2.1. Early Studies of the Chromosomes of Man and the Nonhuman Primates.- 2.2. Comparative Studies with Chromosome-Banding Techniques.- 2.3. Evolutionary Conservation of Chromosome-Banding and DNA-Replication Sites in Chromosomes.- 2.4. Chromosome Banding and the Inference of Chromosome Phylogeny.- 3. Evolution of Human Syntenic Groups and Comparative Gene Assignment in Man and Other Mammals.- 3.1. Localization of Genes in Chromosomes: Problems and Perspectives.- 3.2. Comparative Gene Assignment in Man and the Great Apes.- 3.3. Gene Assignment in Other Primates: A Comparison to Human and Great Ape Syntenic Assignments.- 3.4. Gene Mapping in Other Mammals: Evolutionary Conservation of Linkage Associations and Morphological Attributes of Chromosomes.- 3.5. Y Chromosome, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation.- 4. Repetitive DNA Sequence Evolution and Chromosome Phylogeny.- 4.1. Highly Repetitive DNA in Man.- 4.2. Y-Specific Repetitive DNA.- 4.3. Chromosome Distribution of Satellite DNAs in Man.- 4.4. Localization of Homologous Sequences to Human Satellite DNAs in Great Ape Chromosomes.- 4.5. Constitutive Heterochromatin and Highly Repetitive DNAs in Man and Other Primates.- 4.6. Ribosomal Genes in Man and Nonhuman Primates.- 4.7. Chromosome Distribution of the 18 S and 28 S Cistrons in Man.- 4.8. 18 S and 28 S Sequences in the Great Apes and Other Primates.- 4.9. Genetic Exchanges among Ribosomal Genes on Nonhomologous Human and Ape Chromosomes.- 4.10. 5 S Ribosomal rDNA Cistrons in Man and Other Primates.- 5. Epilogue.- 6. References.- Books Received.