From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency, Second Revised Edition

I. THE RIDDLE OF TIME 1. The Riddle of Time The Nature of Time What is Time? "Date, Time Interval, and Synchronization" Ancient Clock Watchers Clocks in Nature Keeping Track of the Sun and Moon Thinking Big and Thinking Small-An Aside on Numbers 2. Everything Swings Getting Time from Frequency What Is a Clock? The Earth-Sun Clock Meter Sticks to Measure Time What Is a Standard? How Time Tells Us Where in the World We Are Building a Clock that Wouldn't Get Seasick II. HAND-BUILT CLOCKS AND WATCHES 3. Early Clocks Sand and Water Clocks Mechanical Clocks The Pendulum Clock The Balance-Wheel Clock Further Refinements The Search for Even Better Clocks 4. "Q" Is for Quality" The Resonance Curve Energy Build-up and the Resonance Curve-An Aside on Q The Resonance Curve and the Decay Time "Accuracy, Stability, and Q" High Q and Accuracy High Q and Stability Waiting to Find the Time Pushing Q to the Limit 5. Building Even Better Clocks The Quartz Clock Atomic Clocks The Ammonia Resonator The Cesium Resonator One Second in 10 000 000 Years Atomic Definition of the Second The Rubidium Resonator The Hydrogen Maser Can We Always Build a Better Clock? 6. A Short History of the Atom Thermodynanics and the Industrial Revolution Count Rumford's Cannon Saturn's Rings and the Atom Bringing Atoms to a Halt Atoms Collide 7. Cooling the Atom Pure Light Shooting at Atoms Optical Molasses Trapping Atoms Penning Traps Paul Traps Real Cool Clocks Capturing Neutral Atoms Atomic Fountains Quantum Mechanics and the Single Atom 8. The Time for Everybody The First Watches Modern Mechanical Watches Electric and Electronic Watches The Quartz-Crystal Watch "How Much Does "The Time" Cost?" III. FINDING AND KEEPING THE TIME 9. Time Scales The Calendar The Solar Day The Stellar or Sidereal Day Earth Rotation The Continuing Search for More Uniform Time: Ephemeris Time How Long Is a Second? "Rubber" Seconds" The New UTC System and the Leap Second The Length of the Year The Keepers of Time World Time Scales Bureau International de Poids et Mesures 10. The Clock behind the Clock Flying Clocks Time on a Radio Beam Time in the Sky Accuracy Coverage Reliability Other Considerations Other Radio Schemes 11. The Time Signal on Its Way Choosing a Frequency Very low Frequencies Low Frequencies Medium Frequencies High Frequencies Very High Frequencies Frequencies above 300 megahertz Noise-Additive and Multiplicative Three Kinds of Time Signals IV. THE USES OF TIME 12. Standard Time Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Time Time as a Standard Is a Second Really a Second? Who Cares about the Time? 13. "Time, The Great Organizer" Electric Power Transportation Navigation by Radio Beacons Navigation by Satellite The Global Positioning System Some Common and Some Far-out Uses of Time and Frequency Technology 14. Ticks and Bits Divide and Conquer "Sending Messages the Old Fashioned Way, One Bit at a Time" Automated Telegraphy Frequency Division Multiplexing Simultaneous Time and Frequency Multiplexing Don't Put All Your Messages in one Basket Keeping the Clocks in Step V. "TIME, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY" 15. Time and Mathematics A New Direction Taking Apart and Putting Together Slicing up the Past and the Future-Calculus   Conditions and Rules Getting at the Truth with Differential Calculus Newton's Law of Gravitation What's Inside the Differentiating Machine?-An Aside 16. Time and Physics Time is Relative Time Has Direction Time Measurement Is Limited Atomic and Gravitational Clocks The Struggle to Preserve Symmetry The Direction of Time and Time Symmetries-An Aside 17. Time and Astronomy Measuring the Age of the Universe The Expanding Universe-Time Equals Distance Big Bang or Steady State? Stellar Clocks White Dwarfs Neutron Stars Black Holes-Time Comes to a Stop "Time, Distance, and Radio Stars " 18. Until the End of Time Paradoxes Time Is Not Absolute General Theory of Relativity A Bang or a Whimper? 19. "Time's Direction, Free Will, and All That" Time's Direction and Information Disorganization and Information? &nbs