Chapter 1 Introduction Davide Vione and Paola Calza, 1,
Chapter 2 Lake Ecology and Chemistry Marco Bartoli and Pierluigi Viaroli, 17,
Chapter 3 Characteristics of the Underwater Light Field Steven A. Loiselle, Hongtao Duan and Zhigang Cao, 39,
Chapter 4 Direct Photolysis Processes Claire Richard and Norbert Hoffmann, 61,
Chapter 5 Photochemical Reactivity of Organic Matter and its Size Fractions Garrett McKay and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, 77,
Chapter 6 Excitation–Emission Matrices of Fluorescence – EEMF – for the Characterization of Organic Matter of Surface Waters Christian Coelho and Ghislain Guyot, 97,
Chapter 7 Phototransformation Induced by HO Radicals Khan M. G. Mostofa, Cong-Qiang Liu, Hiroshi Sakugawa, Pingqing Fu, Marco Minella, Davide Vione, Daisuke Minakata, Feng-Chang Wu, Lin Zhai, M. Golam Mortuza, Fahad A. Al-Misned, Jingwen Chen, Jie Yuan and Li Si-liang, 117,
Chapter 8 The Role of Singlet Oxygen in Surface Water Photochemistry Douglas E. Latch, 139,
Chapter 9 Phototransformation of Organic Compounds Induced by Iron Species Marcello Brigante and Gilles Mailhot, 167,
Chapter 10 Photochemical Reaction Kinetics in Surface Waters Davide Vione, 197,
Chapter 11 Use of Chemometrics as a Tool to Assess Photoreaction Photodegradation Vasilios A. Sakkas, 225,
Chapter 12 New Analytical Approaches for the Detection of Micropollutants in Natural Waters: Identification of 3,5-Dichloro-4-Hydroxybenzene Sulfonic Acid as an Unknown Persistent Pollutant Qian Wang, Marlon Lutz, Matthew Reichert, Daniel P. Becker and M. Paul Chiarelli, 239,
Chapter 13 Photochemical Fate of Micropollutants in Aqueous Systems Through Field Studies and Laboratory Simulation Paola Calza and Debora Fabbri, 257,
Chapter 14 Photocatalytic Degradation of Irgarol in Water by Photo-Fenton Reactions Fawzy Eissa, Nour El-Hoda Zidan and Hiroshi Sakugawa, 275,
Subject Index, 291,

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Davide Vione and Paola Calza

Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5 10125, Torino, Italy

Table of Contents

1.1. Introduction 3

1.1.1. Basic Principles of Photophysics and Environmental
Photochemistry 3
1.1.2. Photosensitisers and Photoinduced Transients in Surface
Waters 7
1.1.3. Seasonal and Long-term Variations of the Main
Photosensitisers in Lake Water 11
1.1.4. Photoinduced Transformation of Organic Micropollutants 12
References 12

1.1. Introduction

In the following sections of this introductory chapter, some basic pieces of information are provided that will be useful for the understanding of the chapters that follow.

1.1.1. Basic Principles of Photophysics and Environmental Photochemistry

In the natural environment, sunlight is the source of radiation (λ>280nm) and, for photochemistry to be operational, one needs molecules that absorb radiation above 280 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, an electron is excited from the ground state (often it is the ground state from both an electronic and a vibrational point of view) to a vibrationally excited state of an electronically excited state. In the case of organic molecules, the ground electronic state is usually a singlet one (S0), where the electrons are all paired in full orbitals with antiparallel spin. When the molecule absorbs radiation, it reaches an excited state that is also a singlet one. It could be the first (S1), the second (S2) or a higher excited singlet state depending on the energy of the photon and of the molecular states (see Figure 1.1). To begin with, assume that the electron reaches a vibrationally excited state of S1 In some cases there might be an excess of vibrational energy, which may cause an excessive strain on the weakest molecular bond that is involved in the vibrational motions triggered by radiation absorption. In this case, bond breaking would take place: indeed, the very word photolysis suggests the occurrence of photoinduced bond breaking. As an alternative, the molecule can undergo fast vibrational deactivation to the S1 ground state. From here, the molecule could take part in chemical reaction, thermal or photophysical deactivation to S0, or inter-system crossing (ISC). Chemical reaction is quite rare in the case of the short-lived excited singlet states, but it accounts, for instance, for the photoisomerisation of 2-chlorophenol to 5-ring species. Thermal deactivation (internal conversion) can be of some importance in the field of environmental photochemistry because it would be enhanced by inter-molecular interactions that could, for instance, account for the limited photophysical activity and photochemical reactivity of high-molecular weight chromophoric dissolved organic matter (HMW CDOM).

In some cases, the S1 [right arrow] S0 transition takes place by emission of a fluorescence photon. If this is the case, the electron reaches an excited vibrational state of S0 and then the ground one by vibrational relaxation. The double loss of vibrational energy, in both S1 and S0, explains why the wavelength of the emitted (fluorescence) photon is higher (and, therefore, the associated energy is lower) compared to the absorbed photon. Finally, the electron in the S1 state can undergo ISC to the first excited triplet state (T1). The ISC implies spin inversion, and a further inversion would be required for the transition from T1 to S0. Such a transition is formally forbidden by the selection rules of quantum mechanics, which in practice means that its probability is low and that the T1 state is longer-lived than S1. The quite long lifetime means that T1 can undergo chemical reactions, for instance with the solvent or with dissolved molecules, as well as intramolecular rearrangements. A common energy-transfer reaction takes place with dissolved O2, which is favoured by the fact that the O2 ground state is a triplet one. The reaction yields singlet oxygen (1O2), while the molecule usually reaches the S0 state. Internal conversion from T1 to S0 is also possible, in which case the energy is thermally lost through e.g. collisions with the solvent. In some rare cases, the transition from T1 to S0 can take place by emission of a phosphorescence photon. Similarly to the case of fluorescence emission, in the case of phosphorescence the molecule reaches a vibrationally excited state of S0 from which a further vibrational loss of energy takes place.

Upon radiation absorption, other excited states different from S1 may be reached. If the energy is high enough (which is more common in the case of the environmentally non-relevant UVC radiation, λ<280nm), the electron may be abstracted from the molecule to produce the photoionisation. Interestingly, the irradiation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is well known to yield aquated electrons. If the photon energy is not high enough to cause photoionisation, higher excited states than S1 may be reached (S2, S3 and so on). In the case of most organic molecules, the electron reaches a vibrationally excited state of the singlet state Sn (n>1), from which it undergoes vibrational deactivation to the ground vibrational level of S1. This is quite important for photochemistry and photophysics because, independently of the excitation wavelength, the molecule always reaches the ground state of S1, from which its further evolution will be the same independently of the details of the excitation process. It is the so-called Kasha's rule, according to which, for instance, the fluorescence emission wavelength is always the same (following the S1 [right arrow] S0 transition) independently of the excitation wavelength (which may cause transitions of the kind S0 [right arrow] S1, S0 [right arrow] S2 and so on, depending on the photon energy).

An interesting application of Kasha's rule can be seen in the case of the irradiation of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQ2S). This molecule is not fluorescent (its ISC is much more efficient than the energy deactivation by fluorescence emission), but upon irradiation AQ2S forms fluorescent hydroxyderivatives. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrum of irradiated AQ2S is reported in Figure 1.2, showing a single emission band (in the range of 550–600 nm) that, however, corresponds to several excitation bands at different wavelengths, ranging from 200 to 500 nm and suggesting various S0 [right arrow] Sn transitions.

In some cases, Kasha's rule is apparently not followed. This is the case, for instance, of the fluorescence spectrum of 4-phenoxyphenol, which has four paired emission bands (see Figure 1.3). One pair has emission at 300–350 nm, which corresponds to two excitation bands at 200–250 and 250–300 nm. The second pair has emission at 350–425 nm, corresponding to two excitation bands around 250 and 300 nm. According to Kasha's rule, one would expect a single emission wavelength (S1 [right arrow] S0 transition), linked to the occurrence of one pair only or to four bands that should be vertically placed, as in the case of Figure 1.2. However, 4-phenoxyphenol exists in aqueous solution in three different rotational conformations that undergo very slow interconversion (compared to the typical fluorescence lifetimes). It has been shown that a conformer accounts for the bands with emission at 300–350 nm, the other two for the bands with emission at 350–425 nm.

1.1.2. Photosensitisers and Photoinduced Transients in Surface Waters

Several photochemical processes can take place in sunlit surface waters. Some of them involve the absorption of sunlight by the molecule(s) that are transformed, following reaction pathways that have been partly described in section 1.1.1 and that will be more extensively dealt with in Chapter 4. However, additional reactions are triggered by the absorption of sunlight photons by naturally occurring photoreactive species called photosensitisers. Among these naturally occurring compounds there are CDOM, nitrate, nitrite, Fe species and H2O2. The (photo)chemistry of Fe, which also partially involves that of H2O2, is quite complex and will be the subject of a separate chapter. The present introduction will provide a general overview of the photochemistry of CDOM, nitrate and nitrite, to be further elucidated later on in this book.

CDOM is, almost beyond any doubt, the single most important photosensitiser (or better, class of sensitisers) that occurs in natural waters. Its complex and not yet completely elucidated molecular structure has been the subject of intense debate. Today, many scientists accept that it could be a supramolecular (rather than a macromolecular) combination of smaller compounds, which form aggregates that vary for the apparent molecular size. The most important photoactive moieties of CDOM are its humic and fulvic parts, which are responsible for an important fraction of sunlight absorption by CDOM itself.

The absorption of sunlight by CDOM causes the excitation of its photoactive moieties to produce the excited singlet states (1CDOM*). In the case of aromatic aldehydes, benzophenones, quinones and other chromophores, the singlet excited states tend to undergo an efficient ISC to produce the longer-lived triplets (3CDOM*), which are often involved in chemical reactions that cause the transformation of other dissolved molecules including dissolved pollutants.

Despite the importance of triplet-sensitised transformation for the removal of many pollutants from surface water environments, the main 3CDOM* sink is actually the reaction with O2 to produce singlet oxygen (1O2). The latter is another important transient that might be involved in the indirect photochemistry of dissolved compounds (e.g. chlorophenolates and aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan and tyrosine) or that, as an alternative, may undergo deactivation upon collision with water. On top of all this, irradiated CDOM can also induce the photochemical production of •OH, of which it is actually the main source in most surface waters. Although several details are still missing, it is now generally acknowledged that part of the •OH photoproduction by irradiated CDOM involves the photochemical generation of H2O2. The latter probably takes place upon dismutation of HO2•/O2-•, produced upon scavenging by oxygen of the reduced radical transients that are formed by reaction between 3CDOM* and dissolved compounds. Once photochemically generated, H2O2 can yield •OH through direct photolysis or (more probably) the Fenton reaction with H2O2. The Fenton process is actually much less "clean" than may be suggested by its traditional stoichiometric notation because superoxidised Fe species (e.g. ferryl) may be formed in competition with •OH. The actual •OH yield reaches ~60% under the most favourable conditions (pH 2–3) and it decreases with increasing pH. The reactions described so far are reported below, where S–H is a generic dissolved molecule that undergoes oxidation by reaction with 3CDOM*.

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.1)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.2)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.3)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.4)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.5)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.6)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.7)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.8)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.9)

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.10)

However, the photochemical production of •OH by irradiated CDOM is also known to follow an additional, •OH-independent pathway. It is possible that this pathway does not only yield genuine •OH because so-called low-level hydroxylating species are certainly formed in the process. However, a certain amount of •OH is also produced. To get an idea of what the additional hydroxylating species may be, one can consider the photochemistry of AQ2S, the triplet state of which (3AQ2S*) is certainly unable to produce •OH upon water oxidation. However, 3AQ2S* quickly reacts with water to produce an adduct that may either evolve into AQ2S hydroxyderivatives or transfer the OH group to other molecules. The reaction products are not different from those expected upon reaction with •OH, but the AQ2S–H2O adduct is a much less powerful oxidant compared to •OH.

The H2O2-independent pathway to •OH in the presence of irradiated CDOM might involve water oxidation by 3CDOM* (which is still controversial, as some triplet states can oxidise H2O but others cannot), or a preliminary CDOM oxygenation followed by e.g.•OH production upon photochemical excitation of some oxygen-containing groups. Anyway, many details of the process are missing at the moment.

An interesting issue is the detection of very high concentration levels of 1O2 in the inner hydrophobic cores of HMW CDOM. This concentrated seems to have few chances of escaping into the solution bulk because hydrophobic 1O2 probes (undergoing preferential partitioning into the waterless core environment) are needed to highlight it. However, it could play an important role in the degradation of hydrophobic pollutants that are partitioned inside CDOM cores. The occurrence of elevated 1O2 in HMW CDOM cores might be due to elevated photochemical formation or to longer lifetimes than in solution. Presently, little to no evidence is available to support the former hypothesis, while there is evidence for the latter.

Nitrate yields •OH upon absorption of UVB and (to a lesser extent) UVA radiation. A major process is generally agreed to be the following:

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.11)

The quantum yield of this reaction is independent of the wavelength and it is around 0.01. The involvement of H+ in the •OH production might suggest that the process could depend on pH, which is not exactly the case [at least as far as reaction (1.11) is concerned]. Indeed, •OH has pKa ~ 12 and the acid-base equilibrium [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] can, therefore, only be of importance around pH 12. At the typical pH values of surface waters, the equilibrium is totally shifted toward •OH.

Still, the photogeneration of •OH by irradiated nitrate depends on pH in the ~ neutral range, which warrants a different explanation. A possibility is the contemporary photoisomerisation of nitrate to peroxynitrite, ONOO-, taking place along with reaction (1.11). The ONOO- is the conjugated base of peroxynitrous acid, HOONO, a weak acid with pKaa ~ 7. HOONO and ONOO- strongly differ for the inactivation pathways because, in addition to the common back-isomerisation to nitrate, HOONO decomposes into •OH + *NO2 while ONOO- reacts with dissolved CO2. Therefore, the prevalence of HOONO at pH < 7 and of ONOO- at pH > 7 could explain hy the photogeneration of •OH by nitrate decreases with pH in the ~ neutral range.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Surface Water Photochemistry by Paola Calza, Davide Vione. Copyright © 2016 European Society for Photobiology. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

"Descrizione articolo" può appartenere a un’altra edizione di questo titolo.

preigu

Osnabrück, Germania

Venditore con 5 stelle

Venditore AbeBooks dal 5 agosto 2024

Tariffe di spedizione da Germania a U.S.A.

Articolo	Da 60 a 60 giorni lavorativi	Da 60 a 60 giorni lavorativi
Primo articolo	EUR 70,00	EUR 70,00

I tempi di consegna sono stabiliti dai venditori e variano in base al corriere e al paese. Gli ordini che devono attraversare una dogana possono subire ritardi e spetta agli acquirenti pagare eventuali tariffe o dazi associati. I venditori possono contattarti in merito ad addebiti aggiuntivi dovuti a eventuali maggiorazioni dei costi di spedizione dei tuoi articoli.

Metodi di pagamento

PayPal

Descrizione dello Store

preigu betreibt einen Onlineversandhandel mit über 1 Mio. Produkten in verschiedenen Sortimenten. Das Kernsortiment besteht aus Büchern, Medien und Spielwaren. Ein gelungenes Einkaufserlebnis ist das Ziel einer jeden Bestellung bei preigu, denn der Kunde und seine Zufriedenheit stehen an erster Stelle. preigu setzt daher auf einen kompetenten Kundenservice, funktionierende Prozesse und schnelle Reaktion.

Specializzazione

Bücher, Spielwaren

Informazioni sull’azienda del venditore

preigu GmbH & Co. KG

Lengericher Landstraße 19
Osnabrück, Germania 49078

About Us

Legal website operator identification:

preigu GmbH & Co. KG
Lengericher Landstr. 19
49078 Osnabrück
Germany

Telephone: +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84
Email: mail@preigu.de

VAT No: DE 455 380 498
AG Osnabrück - HRA 209647

PhG: preigu Verwaltung GmbH
AG Osnabrück - HRB 221793
CEO: Ansas Meyer

We are neither willing nor obliged to participate in dispute resolution proceedings before consumer arbitration boards.

We are a member of the initiative "FairCommerce" since 30.11.2016.
For more information, see: https://www.haendlerbund.de/de/haendlerbund/interessenvertretung/faircommerce

Contatta il venditoreVisualizza gli articoli di questo venditoreVisita la vetrina del venditore

Condizioni di vendita

Standard Business Terms and customer information

I. Standard business terms

§ 1 Basic provisions

(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (preigu GmbH & Co. KG) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.

(2) A ‘consumer' in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman' refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.

§ 2 Conclusion of the contract

(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .

(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.

(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the "Checkout" page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the "Buy now" button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.

§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights

(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.

(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.

§ 4 Warranty

(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.

(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.

(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.

§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction

(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer's usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).

(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.

(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.

II. Customer information

Identity of the seller

preigu GmbH & Co. KG
Lengericher Landstr. 19
49078 Osnabrück
Germany
Telephone: 0541-580 72 84
E-Mail: mail@preigu.de

We are neither willing nor obliged to participate in dispute resolution proceedings before consumer arbitration boards.

Information regarding the conclusion of the contract

The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).

Contractual language, saving the text of the contract

3.1 Contract language shall be English.

3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser's print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.

Main features of the product or service

The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.

Prices and payment arrangements

5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.

5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.

5.3 If delivery is made to countries outside of the European Union, we may incur unreasonable additional costs, such as duties, taxes or money transfer fees (transfer or foreign exchange fees charged by the banks), which you must bear.

5.4 You must also bear the costs arising from money transfers in cases in which the delivery is made to an EU Member State, but the payment is initiated outside of the European Union.

5.5 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.

5.6 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.

Delivery conditions

6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.

Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).

6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.

Statutory warranty right

Liability for defects is governed by the "Warranty" provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).

Information on battery disposal

In connection with the sale of batteries or the delivery of devices containing batteries, we are obliged to inform you of the following:

Batteries must not be disposed of with household waste.

You can either return used batteries that we carry or have carried in our range as new batteries to us at your own expense or return them free of charge to our shipping warehouse (shipping address). Alternatively, you can hand in the batteries at your local collection points.

As an end user, you are legally obliged to return used batteries so that they can be recycled or disposed of properly.

Used batteries may contain harmful substances that can damage the environment or your health if not stored or disposed of properly. However, batteries also contain important raw materials such as iron, zinc, manganese or nickel and can be recycled.

The symbols on the batteries have the following meanings:

The symbol of the crossed-out wheelie bin means that the battery must not be disposed of with household waste.

For batteries containing a certain amount of lead, cadmium or mercury, the following additions below the symbol with the crossed-out wheelie bin indicate the respective pollutants:

Pb = Battery contains more than 0.004% lead by weight
Cd = Battery contains more than 0.002% cadmium by weight
Hg = Battery contains more than 0.0005% mercury by weight

Information on the costs involved in accordance with Article 56 (4) of the EU Battery Regulation (Regulation 2023/1542) can be found at the ‘Batterie-Zurück (https://www.batterie-zurueck.de/de/bewirtschaftungvonaltbatterien/)' initiative.
Please pay attention to the above instructions.

Diritto di recesso

Instructions for revocation

Right of withdrawal for the sale of goods

Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer' is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)

Instructions for revocation

Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within 14 days without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is 14 days with effect from the day,

on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;

To exercise your right of withdrawal, you must inform us (preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, Telephone number: +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84, E-Mail address: mail@preigu.de) by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent by post, or an e-mail) of your decision to withdraw from this contract. You can use the attached model withdrawal form for this purpose, which is, however, not mandatory.

You can also exercise your right of withdrawal online by clicking on a button labelled accordingly (such as ‘Withdraw from contract' or similar) on the AbeBooks/ZVAB website. If you use this online function, you will immediately receive a confirmation of receipt on a durable medium (e.g. via email) containing information on the content of the withdrawal notice, as well as the date and time of its receipt.

In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.

Consequences of the revocation

If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.

We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.

You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.

You bear the direct costs for returning the products.

You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.

Criteria for exclusion or expiry

The revocation right is not available for contracts

for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts. The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.

Specimen - revocation form

(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)

To preigu GmbH & Co. KG, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück, Email address: mail@preigu.de :
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service ()
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
Name of the consumer(s)
Address of the consumer(s)
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
Date

(*) Cross out the incorrect option.

Privacy e sicurezza

Data protection declaration

Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
"Personal data" is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.

Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The person responsible for data processing is: Ansas Meyer, Lengericher Landstr. 19, 49078 Osnabrück Deutschland, +49 (0) 541 / 580 72 84, mail@preigu.de

Collection and processing when using the cancellation button
If you have entered into a contract via this platform for which a statutory right of cancellation applies, the platform provides you with a cancellation function (cancellation button) through which you can submit your notice of cancellation immediately.
When using the cancellation function, your personal data (name, email address, details identifying the contract or part of the contract you wish to withdraw from, and the time (date and time) of sending the notice of withdrawal) will only be collected to the extent that you have provided it.
The purpose of data processing is to provide you with the statutory option to withdraw from your contract and to ensure the proper processing of your withdrawal.
The platform operator collects your data on the basis of Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, namely the legitimate interest in ensuring the general accessibility of the statutory withdrawal function on the platform. You will receive a confirmation email from the platform operator acknowledging receipt of your notice of withdrawal.
The data is then transmitted to us by the platform operator.
If the contact relates to a contract already concluded between you and us, this data processing is carried out on the basis of Article 6(1)(b) of the GDPR. Otherwise, data processing is carried out on the basis of Article 6(1)(c) of the GDPR, to fulfil a legal obligation to provide an electronic withdrawal function.
We use your email address solely to process your notice of withdrawal. Your data will subsequently be deleted in accordance with statutory retention periods, provided you have not consented to further processing and use.

Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data will be shared, for example, with shipping companies, dropshipping or fulfillment providers, payment service providers, service providers for order processing, and IT service providers. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.

Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.

Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.

Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
You can lodge a complaint with, among others, the supervisory authority responsible for us, which you may reach at the following contact details:

Landesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz Niedersachsen Prinzenstraße 5 30159 Hannover Tel.: +49 511 1204500 Fax: +49 511 1204599 E-Mail: poststelle@lfd.niedersachsen.de

Right to object
If the data processing outlined here is based on our legitimate interests in accordance with Article 6(1)f) GDPR, you have the right for reasons arising from your particular situation to object at any time to the processing of your data with future effect.
If the objection is successful, we will no longer process the personal data, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that outweigh your interests or rights and freedoms, or the processing is intended for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims.

Surface Water Photochemistry

Descrizione dell’articolo da parte del venditore

Dati bibliografici

Riassunto

Descrizione articolo

Estratto. © Ristampato con autorizzazione. Tutti i diritti riservati.