Synchronous Generators (The Electric Generators Handbook)

Surveying the technologies used to satisfy the world's demand for open, efficient, and clean electricity, Synchronous Generators provides an in-depth examination of synchronous generators for both stand-alone and grid-connected applications. Part of The Electric Generators Handbook, Two-Volume Set, this book offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady state and transients modeling, performance, control, design, and testing of stand-alone and grid-connected generators in synchronous operation. Synchronous Generators offers a thorough introduction to electrical energy and electricity generation, including the basic principles of electric generators. The book devotes a chapter to the most representative prime mover models for transients used in active control of various generators. Then, individual chapters explore the topologies and steady state of large and medium-power synchronous generators; modeling and transients; control in power systems; design, including simple cases; and testing. Numerous examples, sample results, and illustrations highlight the concepts. The promise of renewable, sustainable energy rests on our ability to design innovative power systems that are able to harness energy from a variety of sources. Synchronous Generators supplies the tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generation technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs.

ELECTRIC ENERGY AND ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Introduction
Major Energy Sources
Electric Power Generation Limitations
Electric Power Generation
From Electric Generators to Electric Loads
Summary
References
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC GENERATORS
The Three Types of Electric Generators
Synchronous Generators
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators
The Homopolar Synchronous Generator
Induction Generator
The Wound Rotor (Doubly-Fed) Induction Generator (WRIG)
Parametric Generators
Electric Generator Applications
Summary
References
PRIME MOVERS
Introduction
Steam Turbines
Steam Turbine Modeling
Speed Governors for Steam Turbines
Gas Turbines
Diesel Engines
Stirling Engines
Hydraulic Turbines
Wind Turbines
Summary
References
LARGE AND MEDIUM POWER SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS: TOPOLOGIES AND STEADY STATE
Introduction
Construction Elements
Excitation Magnetic Field
The Two-Reaction Principle of Synchronous Generators
The Armature Reaction Field and Synchronous Reactances
Equations for Steady State with Balanced Load
The Phasor Diagram
Inclusion of Core Losses in the Steady-State Model
Autonomous Operation of Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generator Operation at Power Grid (in Parallel)
Unbalanced-Load Steady-State Operation
Measuring Xd, Xq, Z-, Z0
The Phase-to-Phase Short-Circuit
The Synchronous Condenser
Summary
References
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS: MODELING FOR (AND) TRANSIENTS
Introduction
The Phase-Variable Model
The d-q Model
The Per unit (P.U.) d-q Model
The Steady State via the d-q Model
The General Equivalent Circuits
Magnetic Saturation Inclusion in the d-q Model
The Operational Parameters
Electromagnetic Transients
The Sudden Three-Phase Short-Circuit from No Load
Standstill Time Domain Response Provoked Transients
Standstill Frequency Response
Asynchronous Running
Simplified Models for Power System Studies
Mechanical Transients
Small Disturbance Electromechanical Transients
Large Disturbance Transients Modeling
Finite Element SG Modeling
SG Transient Modeling for Control Design
Summary
References
CONTROL OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS IN POWER SYSTEMS
Introduction
Speed Governing Basics
Time Response of Speed Governors
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
Time Response of Speed (Frequency) and Power Angle
Voltage and Reactive Power Control Basics
The Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) Concept
Exciters
Exciter's Modeling
Basic AVRs
Underexcitation Voltage
Power System Stabilizers (PSSs)
Coordinated AVR-PSS and Speed Governor Control
FACTS-Added Control of SG
Subsynchronous Oscillations
Subsynchronous Resonance
Summary
References
DESIGN OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Introduction
Specifying Synchronous Generators for Power Systems
Output Power Coefficient and Basic Stator Geometry
Number of Stator Slots
Design of Stator Winding
Design of Stator Core
Salient-Pole Rotor Design
Damper Cage Design
Design of Cylindrical Rotors
The Open-Circuit Saturation Curve
The On-Load Excitation mmf F1n
Inductances and Resistances
Excitation Winding Inductances
Damper Winding Parameters
Solid Rotor Parameters
SG Transient Parameters and Time Constants
Electromagnetic Field Time Harmonics
Slot Ripple Time Harmonics
Losses and Efficiency
Exciter Design Issues
Optimization Design Issues
Generator/Motor Issues
Summary
References
TESTING OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Acceptance Testing
Testing for Performance (Saturation Curves, Segregated Losses, Efficiency)
Excitation Current under Load and Voltage Regulation
The Need for Determining Electrical Parameters
Per Unit Values
Tests for Parameters under Steady State
Tests to Estimate the Subtransient and Transient Parameters
Subtransient Reactances from Standstill Single-Frequency AC Tests
Standstill Frequency Response Tests (SSFRs)
Online Identification of SG Parameters
Summary
References
INDEX