Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics

Prosper, Harrison B. (EDT); Danilov, Michael (EDT)

ISBN 10: 1402001576 / ISBN 13: 9781402001574

Editore: Springer, 2001

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Dati bibliografici

• Titolo: Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics
• Editore: Springer
• Data di pubblicazione: 2001
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 1402001576
• ISBN 13: 9781402001574
• Rilegatura: Rilegato
• Condizione: New

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Riassunto

The eleventhAdvancedS tudyInstitute(ASI) on Techniquesand Con­ ceptsof High Energy Physics marks thetransitionfrom anextraordinary centuryof scienceto one thatwill surely bring wonderswe can scarcely imagine.It also marks a transitionfrom its founder,theinimitableTom Ferbel,to its newdirectors . We are honoredto have beenasked to con­ tinue the venerabletraditionthat Tom established. The school is his distinctivecreation , and will always bearhis mark. The 2000 meetingwas held at the Hotel on the Cay in St. Croix. It is an ideal location: sufficientlysecluded to inspire a vigorous but informal intellectualatmosphere,yet closeenough to the main island to afford opportunitiesto mingle with the locals and partakeof their hospitality.Altogether 76 physicistsboth young, and not so young, par­ ticipatedfrom 18 count r ies . Forthe first time, this meetingattract ed a substantialnumber of studentsfrom EasternEurope, all of whom were warmly welcomed.The bulk of thefinancialsupportfor themeetingwas providedby the ScientificAffairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). The ASI was co-sponsoredby the U .S. Depart­ ment of Energy (DOE) , by the Fermi National Ac celeratorLaboratory (Fermilab), by the U.S . NationalS cien ceFoundation(NSF ), the Univer­ sity of Rochester , Florida State University (FSU) and the Institutefor Theoreticaland ExperimentalPhysics (ITEP , Moscow). As is the tradition , the scientificprogramwas designedfor advanced graduatestudentsand recentPhD recipientsin experimentalparticle physics. The present volume covers topics that updateand comple­ ment those published (by Plenum and Kluw er) for the first ten ASIs. The materi al in this volume shou ld be of interest to a wide audience of physicists.

Contenuti

1 The Standard Model: 30 Years of Glory.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 QCD.- 1.2.1 Deep inelastic at SLAC.- 1.2.2 Neutrino scattering results (1972-1974).- 1.2.3 R(e+e-).- 1.2.4 Scaling violation.- 1.2.5 Drell-Yan reactions.- 1.2.6 Observation of jets.- 1.2.7 Gluon jet observation.- 1.3 Weak interaction and quark and lepton families.- 1.3.1 Neutral current discovery (1973–1974).- 1.3.2 Discovery of the W and Z bosons.- 1.3.2.1 The collider.- 1.3.2.2 The experimental apparatus.- 1.3.3 A new quark : Charm (The 1974 “November revolution”).- 1.3.4 The third family: the ? lepton and b quark.- 1.3.4.1 ? discovery.- 1.3.4.2 b quark discovery.- 1.4 LEP and SLC: The ideal machines for Standard Model studies.- 1.4.1 The detectors.- 1.4.2 Electroweak results.- 1.5 Conclusion.- 2 Bremsstrahlung.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Small coupling, large logarithms and evolution.- 2.2.1 Logarithm is not a function.- 2.2.2 Puzzle of DIS and QCD partons.- 2.2.3 QCD DIS minutes.- 2.2.4 LLA parton evolution.- 2.2.4.1 Space-like parton evolution.- 2.2.4.2 Time-like parton cascades.- 2.2.4.3 Apparent and hidden in parton dynamics.- 2.2.4.4 Fluctuation Time and Evolution Times: Coherence.- 2.2.4.5 Vanishing of the forward inelastic diffraction.- 2.3 Bremsstrahlung, coherence, conservation of current.- 2.3.1 Photon Bremsstrahlung.- 2.3.2 Classical Consideration.- 2.3.3 Soft radiation cross section.- 2.3.3.1 Low-Barnett-Kroll wisdom.- 2.3.3.2 Soft Photons don’t carry quantum numbers.- 2.3.3.3 Gribov Bremsstrahlung theorem.- 2.3.3.4 Soft Gluons don’t carry away no color.- 2.3.4 Independent and coherent radiation.- 2.3.4.1 The role of interference: strict angular ordering.- 2.3.4.2 Angular ordering on the back of envelope.- 2.3.4.3 Time delay and decoherence effects.- 2.4 Back to QCD 80.- 2.4.1 QCD scattering and cross-channel radiation.- 2.4.2 Conservation of color and QCD angular ordering.- 2.4.3 Humpbacked plateau and LPHD.- 2.4.3.1 Solving the DIS evolution.- 2.4.3.2 Coherent hump.- 2.4.3.3 Coherent damping of the Landau singularity.- 2.4.3.4 Brave gluon counting.- 2.4.4 QCD Radiophysics.- 2.4.5 Soft confinement.- 3 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Non-conservation of baryon number.- 3.2.1 Grand unified theories.- 3.2.2 Anomalous electroweak non-conservation of fermion quantum numbers.- 3.3 Hot Big Bang.- 3.4 Grand unified baryogenesis.- 3.4.1 Baryogenesis in decays of ultra-heavy particles.- 3.4.2 Survival of primordial baryon asymmetry.- 3.5 Leptogenesis.- 3.6 Electroweak baryogenesis.- 3.6.1 Preliminaries.- 3.6.2 Electroweak phase transition.- 3.6.3 Electroweak sphalerons after the phase transition.- 3.6.4 Sources of CP-violation in the EW theory and its extensions.- 3.6.5 Uniform scalar fields.- 3.6.6 Asymmetry from fermion-domain wall interactions.- 3.7 Conclusions.- 4 Introduction to Superstring Theory.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Lecture 1: Overview and Motivation.- 4.2.1 Supersymmetry.- 4.2.2 Basic Ideas of String Theory.- 4.2.3 A Brief History of String Theory.- 4.2.4 Compactification.- 4.2.5 Perturbation Theory.- 4.2.6 The Second Superstring Revolution.- 4.2.7 The Origins of Gauge Symmetry.- 4.2.8 Conclusion.- 4.3 Lecture 2: String Theory Basics.- 4.3.1 World-Line Description of a Point Particle.- 4.3.2 World-Volume Actions.- 4.3.3 Boundary Conditions.- 4.3.4 Quantization.- 4.3.5 The Free String Spectrum.- 4.3.6 The Number of Physical States.- 4.3.7 The Structure of String Perturbation Theory.- 4.3.8 Recapitulation.- 4.4 Lecture 3: Superstrings.- 4.4.1 The Gauge-Fixed Theory.- 4.4.2 The R and NS Sectors.- 4.4.3 The GSO Projection.- 4.4.4 Type II Superstrings.- 4.4.5 Anomalies.- 4.4.6 Heterotic Strings.- 4.4.7 T Duality.- 4.5 Lecture 4: From Super strings to M Theory.- 4.5.1 M Theory.- 4.5.2 Type II p-branes.- 4.5.3 Type IIB Superstring Theory.- 4.5.4 The D3-Brane and N = 4 Gauge Theory.- 4.5.5 Conclusion.- 5 Neutrino Mass and Oscillations.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Neutrinos in the Standard Model.- 5.3 Direct Measurements of Neutrino Mass.- 5.4 Motivating Neutrino Mass and Sterile Neutrinos in the Theory.- 5.5 Neutrino Oscillation Formalism.- 5.6 Experimental Signals for Oscillations.- 5.6.1 The Solar Neutrino Deficit.- 5.6.2 The Atmospheric Neutrino Deficit.- 5.6.3 The LSND Signal.- 5.7 Experiments Which Set Limits on Oscillations.- 5.7.1 Limits on ?? ? ?e oscillations.- 5.7.2 Limits on ?? ? ?? oscillations.- 5.7.3 Limits on ?e ? ?? oscillations.- 5.8 Theoretical Interpretation of the Data.- 5.9 The Future (Near and Far).- 5.9.1 Future Tests of Solar Neutrino Oscillations.- 5.9.2 Future Tests of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations.- 5.9.3 Future Tests of the LSND Signal.- 5.9.4 And Beyond….- 5.10 Conclusions.- 6 New Developments in Charged Particle Tracking.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Experimental Environment - New Challenges.- 6.2.1 e+e- B factories - Belle and BaBar.- 6.2.2 Heavy Ion Physics - ALICE at the LHC.- 6.2.3 Hadronic B factories - HERA-B.- 6.2.4 The High Energy Frontier - ATLAS and CMS at the LHC.- 6.3 Charged Particle Tracking with Gaseous Detectors.- 6.3.1 Ionization of Gases by Charged Particles.- 6.3.2 Drift and Diffusion.- 6.3.3 Gas amplification.- 6.3.4 The Choice of the Gas Mixture.- 6.3.5 Generic Gaseous Tracking Detectors.- 6.4 Charged Particle Tracking with Semiconductor Detectors.- 6.4.1 Historical Remarks.- 6.4.2 Basic Semiconductor Physics.- 6.4.3 The p - n diode junction.- 6.4.4 Position Sensitive Silicon Detectors.- 6.4.5 Comparison of Silicon and Gaseous Detectors.- 6.5 Radiation Damage Issues - (a) Gaseous Detectors.- 6.5.1 Introduction and Historical Remarks.- 6.5.2 Aging Mechanisms - Case Studies.- 6.5.2.1 The Choice of the Gas Composition.- 6.5.2.2 Gas Contamination.- 6.5.2.3 Anode/Cathode Material.- 6.5.2.4 Gain and Irradiation Type.- 6.5.3 Recommendations/Conclusions.- 6.6 Radiation Damage Issues - (b) Silicon Detectors.- 6.7 New Tracking Systems - Selected Example.- 6.7.1 The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker.- 6.7.2 The HERA-B Outer Tracker.- 6.8 Summary.- 7 Issues in Calorimetry.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Physics of electromagnetic showers.- 7.3 Energy resolution of electromagnetic calorimeters.- 7.3.1 Stochastic term.- 7.3.2 Noise term.- 7.3.3 Constant term.- 7.3.4 Additional contributions.- 7.4 Physics of hadronic showers.- 7.5 Energy resolution of hadronic calorimeters.- 7.5.1 Muons and neutrinos.- 7.5.2 Strong interactions.- 7.5.3 Saturation effects.- 7.5.4 Non compensation.- 7.5.5 Compensation techniques.- 7.6 Calorimeter performance requirements.- 7.7 Main calorimeter techniques.- 7.7.1 Homogeneous calorimeters.- 7.7.1.1 Semiconductor calorimeters.- 7.7.1.2 Cerenkov calorimeters.- 7.7.1.3 Scintillation calorimeters.- 7.7.1.4 Noble liquid calorimeters.- 7.7.2 Sampling calorimeters.- 7.7.2.1 Scintillation sampling calorimeters.- 7.7.2.2 Gas sampling calorimeters.- 7.7.2.3 Solid-state sampling calorimeters.- 7.7.2.4 Liquid sampling calorimeters.- 7.8 Calorimeter calibration.- 7.9 Calorimeter integration in an experiment.- 7.9.1 Impact of material.- 7.9.2 Particle identification.- 7.10 Conclusions.- 8 An Update on the Properties of the Top Quark.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 More on mass and cross section.- 8.3 Search for decay of top into a charged Higgs.- 8.4 Helicity of the W and spin correlations in top decays.- 8.5 Conclusion.- 9 Accelerator Physics and Circular Colliders.- 9.1 Accelerator Physics Concepts.- 9.2 Present Day Circular Colliders.- 9.3 Future Circular Colliders.- 10 Workshop on Confidence Limits.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Goal of Workshop.- 10.3 Main Issues.- 10.3.1 What is probability?.- 10.3.2 What are confidence limits?.- 10.3.2.1 Neyman.- 10.3.2.2 Feldman and Cousins: The Unified Approach.- 10.3.2.3 Alex Read: The CLS Method.- 10.3.2.4 Bayesian.- 10.3.3 How should one handle nuisance parameters?.- 10.3.4 What can we agree on?.- 10.4 Conclusions.- Participants.