Thermal Balance in Health and Disease : Recent Basic Research and Clinical Progress

The German land of Hesse (Bundesland Hessen) is well known for its excellent wines (Rheinhessen), for its financial centre and for its airport (FrankfurtlMain). It is, unjustifiably, far less well known for its importance to thennoregulation. Within the small area of Bad Nauheim, Giessen and Marburg (in alphabetical order) a greater concentration of students of thenno­ regulation has been trained or worked or is working than probably in any other single area of Europe, if not the world. It is thus most appropriate to hold the Ninth International Symposium on the Pharmacology of Thennoregulation in Giessen, from August 7 to 12, 1994. The community of students of thennoregulation was extremely grateful that Professor Kurt Bruck and the lustus-Liebig-University of Giessen had extended this invitation. The same community was even more saddened that Kurt Bruck died on April 27, 1992 and thus could not participate in this event that had been planned to honour his achievements. As a small token of friendship and affection, the many friends of Kurt Bruck from all over the world who will participate in this event dedicate this symposium to the memory of Kurt Bruck. Another staunch friend, researcher of temperature regulation and supporter of this series of symposia died in October 1993: Professor Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg. We feel fortunate to be able to start this volume with two brief infonnal and personal accounts of professors Bruck and Feldberg.

Kurt Brück — his life and contribution to thermal physiology.- W. S. Feldberg — his contribution to the pharmacology of thermoregulation.- Section I: Thermosensitivity and Neuronal Connectivity.- Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of thermosensitivity in hypothalamic neurons.- Possible implications of the plasticity of temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus.- Temperature-sensitive coupling in hypothalamic and spinal neurons of the rat in vitro.- Lamina-specific effects of nitric oxide on temperature-sensitive neurons in rat spinal cord slices.- Excitatory amino-acid effects on rat hypothalamic neurons which respond to changes in scrotal skin temperature.- Hibernation-related changes in the effects of neuromodulators: An in vitro study on synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices.- Effects of cold adaptation on the modulatory action of TRH upon temperature sensitive and insensitive hypothalamic neurons of rats.- Thermoregulatory changes after neurochemical lesions of catechol-aminergic and serotonergic neurons in the lower brain stem of the guinea pig.- Functional neuroanatomical considerations on afferent and efferent projections of the nucleus raphe magnus.- Section II: Heat Production.- The role of adrenergic stimulation in regulation of heat production and recruitment of brown adipose tissue.- Pharmacology and regulation of the ion channels of the brown adipocyte plasma membrane.- Sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue and metabolic heat production in adult, aged, and cold-acclimated adult mice.- Effects of female sex steroids in thermogenic tissues.- Effect of tumor necrosis factor on the lipoprotein lipase gene expression in brown adipocytes differentiated in culture.- Ethanol and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats exposed to cold: Uncoupling protein m-RNA.- An artificial intelligence approach to selectively search, analyze, and display thermoregulatory data.- Section III: Adaptation.- Beneficial and detrimental effects of thermal adaptation.- Altered responsiveness of cold-adapted rats to thermal stress.- Acclimation of aged rats to cold.- Avian thermoregulation during the perinatal period.- Norepinephrine-induced phase shifts of the juvenile circadian core temperature rhythm in rat pups.- The effects of circadian rhythm and change in ambient temperature on body temperature in aged male rats.- Diurnal variations in response of golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus) to noradrenaline injection.- Daily rhythms of body temperature in coexisting rodents of the genus Acomys acclimated to long-photoperiod: Effects of ethanol and melatonin.- Circadian rhythm in the snail Helix pomatia L. during estivation and hibernation.- Heat acclimation alters portal blood flow during heat stress.- Functional evidence of vasomotor control by tachykinins in the heat dissipating tissues of the canine nose and face.- Vascular receptors involved in effect of neuropeptide-Y (NPY) on peripheral blood flow in the rat foot and tail.- Comparison of cortisol production by isolated adrenal cells from syrian hamsters and guinea-pigs at different incubation temperatures.- Hibernation and cold adaptation induce different changes in the body temperature regulation in the golden hamster.- Section IV: Thermal Balance in the Clinic.- Basic aspects of fetal thermal homeostasis.- Thermoregulation and heat balance: General anesthesia.- Alteration of heat dissipation by diabetes insipidus in humans.- Does intraoperative core hypothermia increase the incidence of surgical wound infections and prolong hospitalization?.- Hyperthermia following hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass does not correlate with postoperative endotoxemia.- Sweating and vasoconstriction thresholds during propofol sedation.- Epidural anesthesia increases apparent leg temperature and decreases the shivering threshold.- Heat balance and distribution during epidural anesthesia.- Epidural and spinal anesthesia alter thermoregulatory response thresholds.- Circadian rhythms of body temperature in patients with anorexia nervosa, hypothermia and hypophosphatemia.- Circadian rhythms of hot flashes and body temperature in menopausal women.- Cardiovascular and adrenergic manifestations of cold stress.- Adrenergic modulation of the surge in tail skin temperature induced by LHRH and 2 deoxyglucose.- Section V: Fever and Antipyresis.- Fever and antipyresis.- Selective brain cooling during fever?.- Cytokine levels during the early phase of the endotoxin fever.- Glucose homeostasis in fevers induced by two doses of bacterial endotoxin (LPS), interleukin-1? (IL-1?) or tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF?) administered 24 hours apart.- Endotoxaemia is normally a limiting factor in heat tolerance.- The effect of exo- and endopyrogens on serotonin metabolism in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of the rat.- Effects of LPS and inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis on short term fever response and production of hypothalamic PGE2.- Prolonged “slight” fever in rats induced by administration of Freund’s complete adjuvant: Effects of indomethacin and NO-related drugs.- Ventral septal AVP release in the febrile hypertensive and normotensive rat.- Hyperosmotic stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei alters body temperature in the normothermic and febrile rat.- Effects of immobilization on febrile, neuroendocrine and immunological responses in guinea pigs.- Modifications of febrile temperature regulation by acclimation.- V2-receptor-mediated hyperpyretic effect of arginine vasopressin in the ventral septal area of the rabbit brain.- Contribution of hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) to endogenous antipyresis in guinea pigs.- Peripheral administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone attenuates the febrile response to polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid.- Section VI: Pharmacological Aspects.- Endogenous opioids and fever.- Interaction between neurotensin and selective opioid agonists modulates body temperature in the rat.- Thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects of ONO-3144 in the rabbit.- Effect of a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist on the elevated blood pressure of cold-exposed rats.- Neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gingko biloba (EGb-761) in heat stress induced brain damage in the rat.- Is the hypothalamic serotonergic system involved in septal 5-HT-induced hypothermia in rats?.- Hypothalamic cooling induced by chronic antidepressant drugs in syrian hamsters.- Thermoregulatory effects after intracerebroventricular injections of Wu-chu-yu extracts in rats.- Nitric oxide modulates thermoregulatory effector mechanisms in the conscious rabbit.- Does central nitric oxide play a role in thermoregulation?.- Hypothermia and social behaviour in mice.- Pharmacological analysis of anticholinesterase-induced hypothermia and hyperthermia.- Thermoregulatory considerations affecting both acute and prolonged exposures to ozone in rodents.- Keyword index.- Author index.